2024 Publications
Proceedings of the 17th International Business Conference for 2024
ISBN: 978-0-7961-8362-0
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Investigating farmers’ brand loyalty towards agricultural businesses in the Free State Province of South Africa
Duncan MacCalman, Christo Bisschoff
Abstract
This paper examines the intricate relationships between farmers’ allegiance to agricultural businesses doing business in the Free State Province. The commitment of farmers is a crucial element that influences the viability and expansion of agricultural businesses in this area. Long-term success for farmers and agricultural enterprises depends on understanding the factors influencing farmer loyalty. This study assesses the importance of several loyalty variables, such as product quality, price, customer service, and trust, to establish and sustain loyalty among farmers in the Free State Province. It also investigated how socioeconomic and environmental aspects may differ throughout the province’s various agricultural sectors and how it affects farmer loyalty. The study investigated farmers’ brand loyalty towards agricultural enterprises using qualitative research design and interviews. The findings provide a valuable foundation for agricultural businesses, detailing the essential aspects that drive customer loyalty to a brand. When formulating and carrying out their customer loyalty marketing programmes, these companies are advised to prioritise these aspects. These findings show that quality customer service, trust, and perceived value drive farmers’ loyalty to Free State, South African agricultural firms.
Personal IoT: Ready or Not, South Africa?
Rukudzo Pamacheche
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm represents a significant shift in consumer behaviour as users adapt to more convenient processes, thanks to the advent of industry 4.0 and growing digital transformation in South Africa. IoT is no longer restricted to workplace environments and is available for consumers to use for personal gains. This motivated the correlation study to develop a conceptual model to test the relationships between consumer optimism, innovativeness, discomfort and insecurity of the technology readiness index (TRI) and attitudes and adoption intention of new personal IoT technology. Cross-sectional quantitative data was collected on an online questionnaire completed by 178 respondents and analysed using PLS-based structural equation modeling. Findings confirm that optimism and innovativeness are motivators, increasing the degree of readiness for the IoT revolution. Conversely, insecurity and discomfort are inhibitors of adoption, revealing lags in readiness in terms of those constructs. Although the study was limited to four TRI constructs, it contributes insights about insecurity and discomfort attributes that need to be addressed to improve consumer readiness, based on a tested model. There are implications for IoT technology designers, standards authorities and academics for more creative presentation and breadth in consumer behaviour aspects that affect IoT readiness.
Consumer Innovativeness And Aspirational Attractiveness As Market Mavenness Stimulants For Self-Care Products’ Trial
Zinhle Lindani Dlamini
Abstract
This study aims to draw on the malleable nature of market mavenism by identifying consumer innovativeness and aspirational attractiveness as the underlying stimulants of mavenship behaviour, albeit as they are unique to the context of self-care products. It examines the internal borderline conditions that offer a more sophisticated understanding of how marketers can encourage innate and desired attributions as pre-conditions of consumers’ trial probability towards self-care products. This study utilized a self-administered survey whereby a multi-item questionnaire was nominated as the instrument of choice. Specifically, a quantitative, cross-sectional study was employed, followed by both descriptive and correlational research designs. The snowball sampling method yielded (N=475) female market mavens, representing those eliciting high mavenship behaviour. Using the regression model, the study found that consumer innovativeness and aspirational attractiveness explained 68.2% of the variance in market mavenness. Consequently, the research findings add to the scant research in developing countries, such as South Africa, by making inferences that the standardisation of any new product can be enhanced by trial probability feasibility by deploying altruistic mavens who are knowledgeable and trusted by consumers. Based on the empirical research findings, pertinent recommendations for practice were highlighted, including research limitations and conclusions.
Anthropomorphic Service Recovery: the Panacea Following Service Failure of Automated Customer Service Agents (CSAs)
Nobukhosi Dlodlo
Abstract
This study leverages on the computer are social actors (CASA) theory to explore consumer response mechanisms to different types of service failures and recovery strategies of automated customer service agents. The paper asserts that selected anthropomorphic traits of conversational agents could make shoppers perceive them as having more human-like attributes such as humour and response empathy, thereby enhancing the trustworthiness of the non-human CSA. This study followed a scenario-based quantitative survey that was distributed as a survey hyperlink, comprising 287 participants. The findings showed a significant effect between empathy and anthropomorphism and perceived trustworthiness. In addition, anthropomorphic CSAs provide a trust shield effect, reducing the loss of trust following a service failure. Consequently, shoppers are more willing to forgive the online retailer. This study provides initial evidence that humans tend to be more forgiving of the failures of an anthropomorphic technological interaction partner. The findings of this study can enrich the response mechanisms and boundary conditions of online service failure by automated CSAs and provide important insights for online retailers to effectively respond to service failure and make reasonable use of human-robot collaborative work.
Navigating Online Review Platforms: A Path Model to Risk Mitigation Utility and Attitude Formation
Mercy Mpinganjira
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine factors that influence perceived risk reduction utility of independent travel review platforms and travellers’ attitude towards such platforms. Data used in the study was collected from 306 travellers who had used independent online travel review platforms to access reviews of B&B guest houses. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The findings show that perceived risk reduction utility of online travel review platforms has significant positive relationship with attitude towards such platforms. They further show that both perceived altruistic motive of reviews and perceived information credibility are significant precursors of the risk reduction utility of review platforms and travellers’ attitude towards the same. Moreover, the relationship between perceived altruistic motive of reviews and perceived information credibility on attitude was found to be mediated by perceived risk reduction utility. The study contributes to knowledge on the pathways through which perceived review motivations and information credibility affects travellers’ attitude. Managers can use the findings of this study to inform their strategies for positively influencing travellers’ predisposition towards their platforms.
Understanding the Drivers of Co-Brand Consideration: A Sport Co-Brands perspective
Philile Thusi
Abstract
Co-branding is a brand partnership that joins two or more brands in a short- or long-term arrangement that involves using multiple brand names, logos or features for the same product. The emergence of the co-brands within the sports industry calls for research into understanding the drivers of consumer decisions. Hence, this study aims to examine the driver of factors influencing sports co-brand consideration. A total of 250 responses were obtained from South African sports consumers. Quantitative research was the chosen research method, with a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Data was processed and analysed using SPSS and structural equation modelling. The study demonstrates that perceived uniqueness, perceived quality, and perceived value significantly influence consumers’ co-brand consideration for sport products. The study’s findings are significant to the sports industry in South Africa and can be used as the basis to establish effective co-brands. Co-branded sports goods marketers targeting South African consumers can utilise these findings. Co-branding partnerships should focus on generating unique and exclusive items that stand out in the market. Unique collaborations can stimulate consumer interest and consideration. Marketers should emphasise what differentiates their co-branded products from other offerings on the market.
The Impact of Label Informativeness on Consumer’s Intention to Read Product Labels
Peter Sibusiso Gwebu
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of label informativeness on consumers’ intention to read product labels in South Africa. Product labels have evolved significantly from basic markings to comprehensive information sources, driven by consumer demand and regulatory standards. Despite their critical role, there is a research gap regarding their impact in the South African context. This study aims to address this gap by examining the influence of label informativeness and related factors on consumers’ intention to read product labels. Guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), the study proposes a conceptual model hypothesizing that consumer attitudes toward reading product labels and subjective norms influence their intention. A quantitative research approach with a descriptive research design was employed, using a questionnaire-based measurement instrument. The study sampled 418 consumers from Gauteng Province through a non-probability snowballing technique. The findings, analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), indicate a significant positive relationship between label informativeness and both subjective norms and intention. However, the relationship between informativeness and attitude was not significant. This research contributes to the literature by providing insights into the role of label informativeness in consumer behaviour, offering practical implications for marketers aiming to design effective product labels that engage consumers and promote informed purchase decisions.
Antecedents of Chat-banking app services’ word-of-mouth intentions: a three-variable mediation model
Thabang Excellent Mofokeng
Abstract
Incorporating advanced technologies, banks in South Africa now offer Chat-banking app services. Using a three-variable mediation model, this study examines the antecedents of Chat-banking app services’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM). Data was collected in an online survey from a purposive sample of 373 online banking customers and was analysed using structural equation modeling (SEM) on AMOS 28. The results show that customer engagement positively affects customer experience and WOM intentions. While customer experience positively affects perceived value and trust, it significantly negatively affects WOM intentions. Customer trust positively affects customer engagement, but not WOM intentions. The perceived value of Chat-banking app services affects customer engagement and trust but not WOM intentions. In addition, customer trust mediated the effects of customer experience and the effects of perceived value on WOM intention. Perceived value mediated the effect of customer experience on WOM intention. Customer experience partially mediated the effect of customer engagement on WOM intention. Managers can cultivate customer engagement to increase customer experience and WOM intentions. Improving customer experience with a Chat-banking app would enhance perceived value and customer trust while delivering perceived value increases customer engagement and customer trust. The limitations of this study and future research directions will be discussed.
Students’ perception on service quality and satisfaction towards on-campus accommodation
Ian Maseko, Winnie Sereeco, Lebohang Masoabi
Abstract
Although universities are embarking on massive construction of new hostels to address the accommodation crisis, the extent to which students are satisfied with the services offered at on-campus accommodation remains blurred. The main purpose of this study was to examine the students’ perception of the service quality and satisfaction towards on-campus accommodation. This study was motivated by the growing number of students not residing in the university accommodation and the lack of empirical evidence in establishing student’s expectations of service quality and satisfaction at the University of Free State (UFS) hostels. This study used a descriptive cross-sectional research design. Using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, a sample of 284 on-campus students was selected and analysed using Pearson correlations, regressions, and t-tests. The results show that the student’s perception of service quality and satisfaction at UFS hostel is relatively good, and that gender influences such perception. Considering increased competition from local residential owners, UFS should maintain and continue improving service delivery at hostels to satisfy, attract and retain students. This study contributes to research by empirically confirming students’ satisfaction with service quality as defined by the SERVQUAL model.
Unveiling Brand Personality: Analysing the presence and impact in Annual Reports of South African Casinos
Elizma Wannenburg
Abstract
Casino management companies need to seek alternative ways to differentiate themselves from competitors. Connecting with their target market and stakeholders in a personal manner is vital for survival but often challenging. These companies present themselves through their corporate brand personality, with personal traits assigned to the brand being invaluable for both the user and the company. Understanding the importance of brand personality in an annual report is crucial in effectively portraying the brand. Using relatable language helps create brand awareness and loyalty. A content analysis of the annual reports of two South African casino management companies revealed how brand personality was reflected. Five broad dimensions of brand personality were used as units of analysis. The analysis aimed to determine how brand personality was integrated into the annual reports. Findings indicated that brand personality was evenly distributed, but dimensions like sophistication and excitement were underrepresented, highlighting areas for improvement. Understanding brand personality and its use in annual reports can help casino management develop accurate strategies targeted at those who can relate to and identify with the brand.
Determining the Motivational Factors of South African Consumers when Visiting Regional Malls.
Alishe Kemp, Hein Prinsloo, O.O Jaiyeoba, Tebogo Tebejane
Abstract
The retail industry is changing quickly and for businesses to stay competitive, they must adjust to changing consumer attitudes, preferences, and demographics. The study aims to clarify the variables influencing consumer expectations and keep them drawn to regional malls in South Africa. The study examines the relationship between expectations and experiences as it relates to consumer motivation in the setting of trips to regional malls. The research further employs an inclusive methodology, consistent with the interpretative research paradigm facilitating a comprehensive investigation of consumer behavior. This study explores a range of elements that Influence consumer choices, such as entertainment, social interactions, retail options and convenience. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the various elements influencing consumer motivations and open the door for customer approaches to improve consumer experience in the retail environment.
Marketing strategy for banks deposit mobilisation: The role of customer handling, employee handling, and digital service
Samrawit Tesfaye, Abdella Kosa Chebo, and Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain how banks’ marketing strategies affected deposit mobilisation directly and indirectly. Additionally, the study sought to determine how employee handling and service digitalisation relate to banks’ marketing strategies and deposit mobilisation. A quantitative technique using an explanatory and descriptive study design has been used to accomplish this goal. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather data from 210 employees, and hierarchical regression analysis, ordinary least squares, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The findings indicate that customer handling procedures are ranked below average, whereas deposit mobilisation and customer handling are rated above average. The study also indicates that deposit mobilisation is influenced both directly and indirectly by a bank’s marketing strategy. Besides, digitalisation of service significantly and negatively moderates the influence of banks marketing strategy on deposit mobilisation, while employee handling does not moderate the relationship. Therefore, the bank management should enhance the digitalisation of services and update the existing marketing strategies to improve bank deposit mobilisation further.
Assessing the influence of loyalty reward programmes on low-income consumers’ buying behaviour in the Buffalo City Metropolitan
Seyi Omogiate & Willy Hannes Engelbrecht
Abstract
Loyalty reward programmes have proven to be a reliable marketing strategy for most South African retailers. The actual influence and impact of loyalty reward programmes require further insight, especially in low-income communities. The aim of this study is to assess how low-income consumers’ buying behaviour is influenced by loyalty reward programmes in the Buffalo City Metropolitan. The study adopted a positivist philosophical approach that employed a quantitative research design to gather data from consumers registered as loyalty reward members at various supermarket retailers in the Buffalo City Metropolitan. Purposive sampling enabled the collection of 164 completed questionnaires. An exploratory factor analysis identified five factors, followed by a regression analysis to determine the effects of each predictor variable on the dependent variable. While loyalty reward programmes positively influence some consumers, retailers need to adapt and reposition these programmes to allow low-income communities to benefit more from them.
Organisational adaptations for change management of an omnichannel strategy in a pharmaceutical company
Clarise Lacerda, Emeritus Professor Geoffrey Bick
Abstract
Change has become a constant in life and in business. Legislation changes, markets evolve, competitors acquire new capabilities; and with this maintaining a competitive advantage has become increasingly difficult. To capitalise on potential opportunities presented, the pharmaceutical company Sanofi has decided to transition the country sales models in Europe to a regionally managed Go-to-Market (GTM) omnichannel strategy. The aim of this research was to determine the organisational adaptations required for the change management of an omnichannel GTM strategy.
An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted, collecting data through online interviews from a purposive sample of thirteen experts from both inside and outside the organisation, and content analysed with Nvivo software and manually to identify common themes. Key findings from the study identified that the critical factors for implementing a strategy change lie within the areas of stakeholder management, context and environment, communication, performance management, and change management; while organisational adaptations are needed within the areas of communication, organisational alignment, performance system, and agility. Managerial implications were provided through a suggested Project Analysis Framework, which was developed from the findings, to guide the change management required.
An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted, collecting data through online interviews from a purposive sample of thirteen experts from both inside and outside the organisation, and content analysed with Nvivo software and manually to identify common themes. Key findings from the study identified that the critical factors for implementing a strategy change lie within the areas of stakeholder management, context and environment, communication, performance management, and change management; while organisational adaptations are needed within the areas of communication, organisational alignment, performance system, and agility. Managerial implications were provided through a suggested Project Analysis Framework, which was developed from the findings, to guide the change management required.
Developing a multi-sensory marketing conceptual model for superior customer retail shopping mall experience in South Africa
Prof Sandra Perks, Ms Tariro Shumba
Abstract
The growth in retail malls in South Africa is prompting mall retailers to look for unique strategies to stand prominently conspicuous against competitors. In that quest, multi-sensory marketing becomes instrumental in differentiating malls in a way that augments customer experience. Thus, this paper aims to develop a multi-sensory marketing conceptual model for superior customer experience at South African retail shopping malls. The study employed a systematic literature review on multi-sensory marketing cues and superior customer experience using scholarly textbooks, journal papers, and online resources. As many research variables as possible were sourced to develop the hypothesised model, data from developed and developing nations were sourced. The five multi-sensory marketing cues identified were auditory, scent, taste, atmospheric, and visual. The dependent variable is customer experience. The model’s capacity to evaluate the interaction among the five sensory cues adds to its uniqueness. The comprehensive proposed hypothesised model could be tested in any developing country, while the variables within each factor can be used as a checklist to meet multi-sensory marketing requirements. The research could be repeated to establish which and how senses changed over time and how malls can adapt to remain competitive.
Strategies for Enhancing Client Loyalty in the ICT Sector
Johann Landsberg, Derrick Brown
Abstract
The information and communication technology (ICT) industry significantly impacts a country’s economic growth and development. During the COVID-19 pandemic, broadband connectivity was crucial for sustaining economic activity. However, the ICT sector in South Africa faces challenges such as low customer and corporate loyalty, primarily due to price sensitivity. This literature review explores strategies for enhancing client loyalty in the ICT sector in South Africa.
The primary objective is determining strategies to enhance client loyalty within South Africa’s ICT industry. The secondary objectives are to ascertain how South Africa’s inadequate infrastructure affects ICT adoption, examine how high poverty rates impact ICT growth, determine the effect of ICT workers’ skill deficiencies on service quality, and examine the level of competition in the connectivity sector and its influence on decision-making.
The study employs a qualitative approach, reviewing relevant literature on customer loyalty, the marketing mix, and the ICT sector in South Africa. The findings provide insights into factors influencing customer loyalty and how service providers can improve customer retention and satisfaction. The research contributes to understanding strategies for enhancing client loyalty in the ICT sector, particularly in South Africa.
The primary objective is determining strategies to enhance client loyalty within South Africa’s ICT industry. The secondary objectives are to ascertain how South Africa’s inadequate infrastructure affects ICT adoption, examine how high poverty rates impact ICT growth, determine the effect of ICT workers’ skill deficiencies on service quality, and examine the level of competition in the connectivity sector and its influence on decision-making.
The study employs a qualitative approach, reviewing relevant literature on customer loyalty, the marketing mix, and the ICT sector in South Africa. The findings provide insights into factors influencing customer loyalty and how service providers can improve customer retention and satisfaction. The research contributes to understanding strategies for enhancing client loyalty in the ICT sector, particularly in South Africa.
Harnessing Green Marketing for SME Prosperity in Gauteng’s Manufacturing Landscape
Eugine Tafadzwa Maziriri, Thembinkosi Maphosa, Victor Virimai Mugobo
Abstract
This study examined the impact of green marketing practices on the competitive advantage and business performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector of South Africa. The research utilized a quantitative approach, focusing on managers and Heads of Marketing Departments in manufacturing SMEs. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS v29 for demographic analysis and AMOS 29 for structural equation modeling and path modeling. The findings revealed that green packaging, green advertising, and green product innovation were found to positively impact competitive advantage. Moreover, green packaging, green advertising, competitive advantage, green product innovation, and green process innovation were positively correlated with business performance. Interestingly, green process innovation was found to have a negative effect on competitive advantage. This study contributes to the existing knowledge in the areas of green marketing, competitive advantage, and SME business performance. The findings are particularly relevant for manufacturing SME managers seeking to achieve a competitive advantage and improve profitability and business sustainability.
Event Quality Dimensions That Influence Spectators’ Willingness To Attend Semi-Professional Basketball Matches In Gauteng, South Africa.
Katleho Mokoena, Peace Nhlawutelo Mabasa, Sumari Tesnear
Abstract
Basketball spectator attendance varies depending on motivation and event quality, particularly in South Africa. This study examines the event quality dimensions influencing willingness to attend semi-professional basketball matches in Gauteng, South Africa. 302 questionnaires were received and analysed through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. The results indicate that for semi-professional basketball events, game quality, interaction quality and physical quality significantly influenced the spectators’ willingness to attend semi-professional basketball matches in Gauteng, South Africa. The current research collected data from semi-professional basketball events in Gauteng, South Africa. Furthermore, the current study adopted only three salient event quality dimensions (i.e., game quality, interaction quality and physical quality). Finally, current research measured only willingness to attend as a dependent variable. The findings suggest that game quality, interaction quality, and physical environment are critical event quality factors influencing spectators’ willingness to attend semi-professional basketball matches in Gauteng, South Africa. The study’s findings reveal insight into service research and offer relevant recommendations to managers for future service improvement and the development of marketing approaches in this setting.
Understanding the E-Satisfaction Needs of Generation X Online Grocery Customers – An Emerging African Market Perspective
Steven Mbeya, Mornay Roberts-Lombard, Nicole Cunningham
Abstract
This study employs online relationship marketing theory and generational cohort theory to investigate the impact of service convenience, e-service quality, and e-trust on e-satisfaction among consumers using grocery apps in emerging markets. Data was collected via online questionnaires from 300 Generation X consumers purchasing groceries online in an emerging market. Structural equation modelling was utilised for data analysis. The findings confirm that service convenience, e-service quality, and e-trust significantly drive e-satisfaction among Generation X consumers using grocery apps in selected South African retailers. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of factors influencing e-satisfaction in online retail, with implications for future relational intentions. It provides valuable insights for grocery retailers in emerging markets aiming to enhance customer satisfaction and build enduring relationships amidst competitive online retail environments.
Revisiting Rewards: Investigating the effectiveness of retail banks’ loyalty programmes in an emerging economy
Wendy Mbatha, Thuthukile Mbokazi, Aaron Koopman, Priya Ramgovind
Abstract
The South African retail banking sector comprises 81 local and foreign-owned banking brands. Customers are increasingly demonstrating their preference for banking with more than one bank, making them less brand loyal. Due to the increasingly competitive retail banking sector, marketers are using loyalty programmes as part of their marketing strategy to retain existing customers. Based on the extent of resources required to develop these programmes, understanding its efficacy is paramount. This quantitative study collected data from 172 respondents through an online survey. The data was analysed using SPSS, and the hypotheses were tested using structured equation modelling (SEM). The study’s findings support seven of the eight stated hypotheses. Moreover, mediation tests were conducted to determine the mediation effect of satisfaction and trust. The results indicate that trust fully mediates the relationship between utilitarian benefits and loyalty, and symbolic benefits and loyalty. It also indicates that satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between utilitarian benefits and loyalty, and hedonic benefits and loyalty. This study contributes to the limited body of knowledge about loyalty programmes in the South African retail banking sector. Its strong practical contribution will be beneficial to marketing professionals in the banking industry, policymakers, investors and analysts.
Vloggers’ Influence on Natural Hair Care: Exploring Perceptions Among Black South African Women
Dr Semona Pillay
Abstract
This study explored the perceptions of black South African millennial and Generation Z women regarding vloggers’ influence on natural hair care, addressing the research gap of limited academic literature in this area. Grounded in the theories of social influence and perception, a qualitative, exploratory research approach conducted through online focus groups revealed three key themes: (1) participants value authentic vloggers who share personal experiences and honest reviews but are sceptical of those driven by financial gain; (2) the natural hair care movement is empowering, fostering community and shared identity; and (3) vloggers are trusted for product information and tips, with community feedback enhancing credibility and validation. Recommendations from the findings of this study include ensuring that influencers maintain authenticity and transparency, leveraging community engagement, and utilising multi-source information strategies. These findings provide valuable implications for marketers targeting this demographic who can guide targeted influencer collaborations, content creation, and communication strategies that not only boost sales, but also cultivate a sense of community and empowerment among consumers. Future research should expand demographic and methodological scopes to build on these insights and further understand the nuanced perceptions of vloggers’ influence on natural hair care among diverse cultural groups.
Exploring the Relationship Between Industry and Academia for Future-Fit Retail Higher Education
Dr Semona Pillay, Mr Norman Mafuratidze
Abstract
This paper emphasises the imperative for Higher education institutions to incorporate future-fit skills into their curricula, addressing rapid technological changes and industry demands, particularly in the wholesale and retail sector, are all vital to South Africa’s gross domestic product. Despite its significance, the sector faces a persistent skills gap due to outdated curricula. This study investigates perceptions regarding the relationship between retailing academia and the industry. Employing a qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews unveil varied perceptions, ranging from collaborative to disjointed. Facilitators include mutual interactions and shared perceptions, while hindrances encompass power dynamics and operational disparities. Recommendations include establishing collaborative platforms and advisory boards for transparency. Improving this relationship can enhance graduate employability, bolster the wholesale and retail sector’s competitiveness, and contribute to South Africa’s economic growth.
Investigating How Digital Marketing Strategies Can Be Used By South African Higher Education Institutions: A Perspective Article
Ayanda Pamella Deliwe, Lwando Ntari
Abstract
This perspective article investigates digital marketing strategies for South African higher education institutions and aims to give guidance on how higher education institutions in South Africa can use digital marketing strategies and the benefits of using these digital marketing strategies. The article adopts an interpretative approach to existing literature on digital marketing strategies. This approach helps to understand how higher education institutions can use digital marketing strategies and how they could benefit from using these strategies. Utilising digital marketing strategies is important for higher education institution’s growth. This article emphasises the need to intensify the understanding and the use of digital marketing strategies and the role that these strategies can play in shaping and positioning higher education institutions to develop and be competitive. This perspective article calls for the use of digital marketing strategies by higher education institution marketing managers to attract prospective students and retain current students. Considering students’ expectations and rivalry among higher education institutions, novel practical ways – through the adaptation of market-oriented instruments as well as business mechanisms in higher education – are required. This article highlights the importance of digital marketing strategies in higher education institutions and the need to investigate the role of digital marketing strategies in HEIs. There are many digital marketing strategies that are used by businesses but are currently not being used by HEIs. The institutions need to be made aware of these digital marketing strategies and how they can be beneficial to them. This perspective article highlights the benefits that HEIs can gain from using digital marketing strategies. It with a proposed framework of HEIs’ digital marketing strategies and benefits.
Factors Affecting Millennials’ Attitudes And Purchase Intentions Towards Organic Personal Healthcare Products
Rolex Awuor Aluoch, Lehlohonolo Amos Masitenyane
Abstract
The organic products market is experiencing exponential growth owing to various factors that increase consumers’ desire to search for beneficial and less harmful products for their health and personal well-being. Aptly, the knowledge gap in understanding the factors that influence the Millennial consumer cohort’s attitudes to and purchase intention towards organic personal healthcare products (OPHP) in South Africa’s emerging market is gradually diminishing. This study investigates the effect of specific factors that influence consumers’ OPHP purchasing intention and their awareness of its uses and proceeds from the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 3 and 12 narratives. A descriptive research design applying a cross-sectional survey approach to data collection was adopted. Data were collected from 305 respondents, using Smart PLS-SEM to examine the study’s constructs. The results revealed that the constructs of environmental concerns (EC), perceived product quality (PPQ), and perceived product knowledge (PPK) had significant and positive associations with consumers’ attitudes towards purchasing OPHPs. The study provides marketing practitioners with valuable insights that, from the developing South African healthcare market’s perspective, could help to increase consumer purchasing rates and contribute to the alleviation of global health epidemics and communicable diseases.
The Use of Social Media for Personal Branding
Margaret Cullen, Andre Calitz and Aylin Botha
Abstract
Building and maintaining a personal brand is a critical differentiator for the proactive and professional members of society. Branding is a marketing tool, which helps form a mental representation of a product, service, organisation or an individual. Equally important is communicating your personal brand through various networks. The ascent of the Internet and social media has amplified opportunities to build a personal brand virtually through online networking. Social media allows for the sharing of information through virtual networks and communities. The virtual space offers diverse stages or platforms to people to self-brand their own character with the assistance of the Internet. Personal branding is the process of defining and promoting yourself and what you stand for as an individual.
In this study, an online survey was used to investigate how social media can be used as a networking platform to build a personal brand. The 209 responses were statistically analysed, including Exploratory Factor Analysis. The majority of the respondents used 5 popular social media platforms, namely WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and LinkedIn. The study found that the factor Personal Branding is made of up of two components, namely Interpersonal Personal Branding and Intellectual Personal Branding. A significant finding was that Social Media networking is a good platform for your personal brand, but not your Intellectual Personal Brand, which links to your professional image.
In this study, an online survey was used to investigate how social media can be used as a networking platform to build a personal brand. The 209 responses were statistically analysed, including Exploratory Factor Analysis. The majority of the respondents used 5 popular social media platforms, namely WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and LinkedIn. The study found that the factor Personal Branding is made of up of two components, namely Interpersonal Personal Branding and Intellectual Personal Branding. A significant finding was that Social Media networking is a good platform for your personal brand, but not your Intellectual Personal Brand, which links to your professional image.
Professional Springbok rugby players’ career transitional reality after retirement
A Strauss , S Strauss & JJ Prinsloo
Abstract
Rugby in South Africa provides entertainment and creates hope and the sharing of a common purpose among South Africans. The recent victory of the Springboks in the 2023 Rugby World Cup has proven again that the sport can unite a nation. However, the players’ careers are short-lived. This paper examines the transition period after the cessation of a professional rugby career and the impact this process can have on the athletes who provide us with entertainment and all the positive tenets of this phenomenon. More specifically, the study in which this paper has its origins (Strauss, 2023) identified the main factors that affect the successful transitioning of former professional rugby players into their careers post-retirement. The qualitative study provided a critical analysis and discussion of these identified factors and offered recommendations to remedy the oftentimes dire situation in which players find themselves after retirement. The empirical study relied on semi-structured interviews with participants with first-hand experience of the transition process from professional sport. An exploratory and descriptive approach was applied to gather and interpret their perspectives. The literature review showed that there are numerous challenges retired athletes face post-sport. The empirical study confirmed the conclusions derived from existing literature and highlighted other scrutiny areas. The study’s recommendations are based on the critical literature review, empirical analysis, and the author’s experience (who experienced a similar transition as a retired professional Springbok rugby player). However, there is a gap between what the literature suggests and the practical implementation and tangible results modern athletes experience after retirement.
Reluctance of organisations to sponsor professional female sport in South Africa
Lean Vernon Schwartz, JJ Prinsloo
Abstract
This study investigates the reluctance of organisations to sponsor professional female sport in South Africa, with a specific focus on the four most popular female sport disciplines: rugby, cricket, soccer, and netball, as well as an individual female sport, golf. The primary objective is to discern the factors contributing to organisations’ reluctance to sponsor professional female sport in South Africa. The research employs a qualitative method, non-probability with purposive sampling – to explore the intricate factors underlying the reluctance within the South African female sport industry. Semi-structured interviews with experts in professional female sport in South Africa serve as the primary data source. Despite the global growth in female sport sponsorships, this research reveals a persistent reluctance among organisations to sponsor professional female sport in South Africa. Key findings point to issues such as insufficient media coverage, a perceived lack of return on investment and concerns regarding professionalism in female sport. The study culminates in comprehensive recommendations to enhance the understanding of why organisations are hesitant to sponsor female sport, thereby providing actionable and realistic strategies to secure more sponsorships for female professional sport. It emphasises a triple focus on professionalisation, distinctive branding, and increased visibility. These recommendations extend beyond mere strategies for securing sponsorships; they embody a collective effort to reshape societal attitudes towards female athletes.
Evaluating the perceived marketing channel effectiveness used by marketing agencies for South African SMEs: Integrating digital and traditional methods
Greyling Leonie, Van Wyk Divan
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving marketing landscape of South African SMEs, this study examines the perceived effectiveness of marketing channels employed by agencies integrating digital and traditional methods. Digital marketing’s precision, real-time analytics, and cost-effectiveness are weighed against traditional marketing’s broad reach and trustworthiness. The purpose and motivation of this study lie in providing empirical insights into how marketing agencies can optimise the use of these channels to enhance the effectiveness of their marketing efforts.
The study employs a qualitative approach, utilising semi-structured interviews with marketing professionals from various agencies. This method allowed for an in-depth exploration of the nuanced strategies and perceptions regarding marketing channel integration.
The research underscores the strategic necessity of integrating digital and traditional marketing channels to optimise marketing investments. Effective integration enhances reach, engagement, and brand consistency, though it requires substantial resource allocation and diverse skills. The findings advocate for a symbiotic relationship between digital and traditional channels, proposing that a unified strategy can significantly boost marketing efficacy.
This research contributes valuable insights into the complexities of integrated marketing, while providing actionable insights for marketing agencies to enhance their strategies in a digital era.
The study employs a qualitative approach, utilising semi-structured interviews with marketing professionals from various agencies. This method allowed for an in-depth exploration of the nuanced strategies and perceptions regarding marketing channel integration.
The research underscores the strategic necessity of integrating digital and traditional marketing channels to optimise marketing investments. Effective integration enhances reach, engagement, and brand consistency, though it requires substantial resource allocation and diverse skills. The findings advocate for a symbiotic relationship between digital and traditional channels, proposing that a unified strategy can significantly boost marketing efficacy.
This research contributes valuable insights into the complexities of integrated marketing, while providing actionable insights for marketing agencies to enhance their strategies in a digital era.
Increasing consumer uptake of shopping malls through utilitarian value, customer satisfaction, and behavioural intentions
Felix Amoah, Patrick Joel Turkson
Abstract
Informal traditional open-air market system dominates trading activities in Ghana. Shopping malls have emerged as an alternative, formalised, and competitive sector. The contribution of trading in shopping malls to Ghana’s economy is not limited to job creation but also amplifies the beautification of the cities where they operate and the attraction of multinational companies. Despite these contributions, consumer uptake of shopping at shopping malls in Ghana is still very low. Most retail shops operating in shopping malls in Ghana have closed their businesses due to low demand. Thus, there is a need to explore how to sustain the sector by increasing consumer uptake of shopping malls in Ghana. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of utilitarian value on customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions within shopping malls in Ghana. The target population involved consumers who have visited or shopped in a shopping mall in Accra or Kumasi, two of the largest cities in Ghana. With a total of 500 usable questionnaires in the data analysis, the study found that utilitarian value significantly influences customer satisfaction but not behavioural intentions within the context of shopping malls in Ghana. Customer satisfaction, however, significantly influences behavioural intentions. Within the given results, it is recommended that shopping mall managers focus on pertinent factors such as monetary savings, selection, and convenience that contribute to utilitarian value and enhance customer satisfaction.
FACEBOOK USER EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING
Siphosethu Mgijima, Ayanda Pamella Deliwe, Arthur Peters
Abstract
Researchers have been focusing mostly on the strategic use of social media marketing instead of users’ experience. As a result, some social media users do not trust social media marketing as they feel that their personal information is being stolen. Therefore, it is important that research needs to be conducted to minimise these challenges. The aim of this study is to investigate the Facebook user experience of social media marketing in South Africa. The methodology used in the study is quantitative research and the positivism research paradigm as they are both suit the objectives of the study. An online survey was used to test the theoretical grounded set of hypotheses. Convenience sampling was used to select the respondents for the study and collect data utilising an online questionnaire that had 203 responses. The study was only limited to Facebook users who have been using this platform for at least 3 months. The empirical results reveal that the measuring instrument used was both valid and reliable as the Cronbach Alpha values were above the recommended guideline value of 0.7. The study found that for Facebook two independent variables (entertainment & perceived value) were found to have a significantly positive relationship with the dependent variable (user experience of social media marketing). The study recommends that marketers should ensure that they always have the aim of entertaining Facebook users first while delivering their message.
A Comparison of Green Customer Citizenship Attitudes and Behaviours Among Consumers in South Africa and South Korea
Sam Fullerton and Christo Bisschoff
Abstract
Independent samples of 513 consumers in South Africa and 292 consumers in South Korea responded to an invitation-only, Internet-based questionnaire that focused on attitudinal and behavioural issues germane to five constructs related to customer citizenship within the context of green purchasing and green consumption. The five constructs were green mindset, anti-consumption behaviour, consumer coaching, green advocacy, and customer-helping behaviour. Multi-item scales for all five constructs previously shown to produce a high degree of reliability in prior research were gleaned from the literature. Results from South Korea and South Africa were compared. Four of the five scales in each country evidenced high reliability degrees. A comparison of the mean scores documented statistically significant differences between the two countries on each of the five scales. The secondary data favoured South Korea from a green perspective; however, for all five constructs subjected to empirical scrutiny, the results from South Africa produced a significantly higher mean than what was in evidence in the sample of South Korean residents. So, the primary data indicate that South African consumers tend to possess a stronger green disposition (attitude) while concurrently embracing and engaging in anti-consumption, advocacy, consumer coaching, and customer helping (behaviours) – all in a green context – more so do than do their South Korean peers.
The role of strategic alliances amongst financial service companies in providing access to finance for SMMEs in South Africa
Prinolan Pillay, Emeritus Professor, Geoffrey Bick
Abstract
The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) contribution of Small, Medium, and Micro-Enterprises (SMMEs) in South Africa is significantly lower than that of developed markets. This discrepancy is based on inadequate access to formal finance as SMMEs are considered higher risk, which drives commercial banks to limit lending into this segment. In contrast, Mobile Network Operators (Telcos) have introduced FinTech services to compete with traditional banking products, but without significant capital for lending, only a handful of SMMEs have benefitted. The aim of this research was to explore how a strategic alliance between a commercial bank and an MBO (Mobile BigTech Operator) could be leveraged to improve access to formal finance for SMMEs in SA.
An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted, collecting data from a purposive sample of twelve experts, and analysing using NVivo software to identify common themes. Key findings from the study identified several critical factors, including: financial and digital literacy, assessment of SMME creditworthiness by FinTechs, the impact of perceived risk of SMMEs, trust, alignment of the risk/reward model with financial commitment, complementary capabilities, and the redesign of traditional SMME banking models. Recommendations are given for developing a Bank-MBO partnership model to address the SMME financing gap.
An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted, collecting data from a purposive sample of twelve experts, and analysing using NVivo software to identify common themes. Key findings from the study identified several critical factors, including: financial and digital literacy, assessment of SMME creditworthiness by FinTechs, the impact of perceived risk of SMMEs, trust, alignment of the risk/reward model with financial commitment, complementary capabilities, and the redesign of traditional SMME banking models. Recommendations are given for developing a Bank-MBO partnership model to address the SMME financing gap.
Factors Affecting Consumers´ Cross-border E-Commerce
Aswo Safari
Abstract
This paper aims to identify the most influential factors affecting consumers’ psychic distance in the context of cross-border e-commerce. This article uses both in-depth interviews and a quantitative survey involving 333 participants. This study identifies and provides insights regarding the main influential factors of psychic distance in consumer markets and how psychic distance differs between consumer markets and business-to-business markets. The findings of this article help managers and online retailers to understand the barriers that hinder consumer cross-border e-commerce and hence what to focus on when it comes to attracting consumers in cross-border e-commerce.
An industry perspective on the employability skills of marketing graduates in South Africa: Marketing Mavericks or Dilatory Dinosaurs?
Tumishang Sekhu, Thérèse Roux, Johan de Jager
Abstract
Research lacks consensus on fundamental employability skills for marketing graduates, reflecting diverse needs globally. Understanding employers’ needs in specific industries and countries is vital for ensuring post-graduation employment and improving industry perceptions. This study examined the perceptions of marketing practitioners regarding the employability skills of marketing graduates in a South African context. Employing a descriptive quantitative research design, an online survey was completed by 169 marketing practitioners from various sectors. To ensure relevant and diverse representation, judgemental sampling was applied to select relevant respondents from marketing organisations. A questionnaire assessed the importance and performance of employability skills, identifying gaps. Findings revealed significant statistical variances in importance ratings across skill dimensions. Communication was deemed most crucial, while analytical skills were least important. Performance ratings showed significant differences, with personal traits and teamwork skills rated highest. Unfortunately, significant gaps were found across all skills dimensions indicating unmet industry expectations. The study offers practical recommendations for educators and employers to bridge these gaps and better prepare graduates for the marketing industry.
Extending the Unified Theory of Technology Acceptance and Use of Technology to Explain Teachers’ Intentions to Sustain Online Teaching Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic
Olumide Jaiyeoba, Ivy Rose Mathew, Douglas Svotwa, Robert Machera, Edward E. Marandu, Jomin George, Mornay Roberts-Lombard
Abstract
This study establishes whether the acceptance and use of online teaching will continue in the post-COVID-19 landscape. The study proposes a model to explain the continuance intention to adopt online teaching systems from the standpoint of tertiary education teachers. The model combines constructs from the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), which comprises performance expectancy; effort expectancy; social influences; facilitating conditions; and a new construct, satisfaction, from the expectation confirmation model. The data were obtained from 133 faculty members from three tertiary institutions in Botswana, Namibia, and Lesotho. The data were analysed using a multiple regression equation model, which explained 63.9% of the variation in intention with respect to R-square value. Performance expectancy, social influence, and satisfaction had a positive and significant impact on intention, while effort expectancy and facilitating conditions had an insignificant impact on intention to continue using e-teaching. Satisfaction was the most influential variable in explaining intention. Theoretically, this study extends and applies the UTAUT model to explicate tertiary education teachers’ intentions to continue teaching online post-COVID-19. It could be helpful for education policymakers to design proper strategies for online teaching after the pandemic.
Exploring the current state of fair labour practices in South African organisations
Ms Christen Pooe, Prof Wilfred Ukpere, Mr Xavier Knight
Abstract
The 1996 Constitution of South Africa (SA) underscores the vital principle of equality, emphasising the importance of providing all individuals with equal opportunities to access the nation’s resources. Despite efforts by many organisations in SA to promote labour peace, they still struggle to fully adhere to fair labour practices doctrine in their workplaces. This article explores the current state of fair labour practice in SA organisations. The study employed a qualitative phenomenological research approach grounded in an interpretive paradigm. Ten participants from two South African organisations in Johannesburg were interviewed. Despite previous research indicating that legislation acts as a protective measure against unfair labour practices, this study’s findings indicate that unfair practices persist within South African organisations. Therefore, a potential first step in addressing these issues could be the establishment of a Human Resource (HR) department. Based on these findings, the study suggests that employers engage employees in the development of employment policies and procedures to promote fairness within organisations. Additionally, to ensure equitable treatment, it proposes clarifying the role of human resources in upholding fairness and conducting regular workshops, along with establishing a dedicated compliance committee. The study also recommends a regular review and revision of policies to ensure alignment with legislative and societal changes.
Exploring Work Identity and Side Hustle Identity: A Theoretical Framework
Prof Nelesh Dhanpat, Prof Roslyn de Braine
Abstract
Changes in the global workforce, the onset of the pandemic, and the rise of the gig economy are several reasons why individuals have undertaken additional work alongside their primary work. As a result, there has been an increase in side hustles. Hence, there is a need to expand on theories that inform how multiple jobholding affects work identity, and understanding the distinctions between a primary job and side hustles is crucial for developing a nuanced perspective on modern and contemporary work identities. By examining these dual identities, Primary Work Identity (PWI) and Side Hustle Identity (SHI), this study aims to contribute to the broader field of organisational behaviour and identity theory, providing insights into how individuals derive meaning and fulfilment from their multifaceted professional lives. Primary Work Identity (PWI) is the identity individuals form from their primary traditional job, shaped by job responsibilities, organisational culture, professional relationships, and career aspirations. Side Hustle Identity (SHI) refers to the identity individuals develop through their engagement of side hustles alongside their primary work. We present four propositions on primary work identity and side hustle identity. A theoretical, conceptual paper was presented through a non-empirical study, and a narrative approach was employed.
The interplay of burnout and work engagement in the performance of teachers in the Khomas region in Windhoek, Namibia
Selma NN Shinombedi, Clifford K Hlatywayo, Mthokozisi Mpofu
Abstract
This research study explored the intricate dynamics of burnout and work engagement among teachers in the Khomas Region of Windhoek, Namibia, with the overarching purpose of quantitatively assessing the impact of burnout on work engagement and performance. Utilizing correlational research design the study used the paper to pencil survey method to collect data. Data was analysed using SPSS The findings revealed that based on the hypothesis, there is a statistically significant relationship between work engagement and Job performance. Thus, vigor dedication and absorption had a moderately high, positive and significant linear relationship with work performance. In addition, a statistically significant negative correlation between burnout and work engagement, providing empirical support for the hypothesized relationship. All burnout dimensions: exhaustion, mental exhaustion, emotional impairment and cognitive impairment had a moderate negative significant linear relationship with work performance. The significance of these statistical relationships underscores the urgency of addressing burnout as a pivotal factor influencing teacher performance. Consequently, the study posits crucial implications for Namibia in respect to industrial psychology variables for educational stakeholders, and the need for targeted interventions and evidence-based strategies to mitigate burnout and enhance work engagement among teachers in the Khomas Region.
Leadership’s dark side: Examining the links between toxic leadership, burnout, and job satisfaction in South African organisations
Michaela de Waal, Linda Ronnie, Marieta du Plessis
Abstract
Individuals are exposed to various factors that might influence their performance and conduct when joining work environments. Managers’ leadership style has been identified as one of these influential factors. Past research has linked toxic leadership to various negative outcomes for an organisation’s employees. Building on previous research that established this relationship, the current study used a quantitative lens to examine the relationships between toxic leadership, burnout and job satisfaction. This investigation used three different scales: the Schmidt Toxic Leadership Scale (TL-15), the Burnout Assessment Scale (BAT12), and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ17). Employees from various organisations in South Africa participated in the self-report survey (n= 96). Pearson’s correlation analysis confirmed the hypotheses that toxic leadership and burnout are positively related and that toxic leadership and job satisfaction are negatively related. Practical and theoretical implications and recommendations for future research are presented.
Organisation culture and older workforce in the transfer of skills in a section of a selected water board in South Africa
Lilahloane C. Mtshali & Leon T.B. Jackson
Abstract
Numerous organisations all over the world are proactively experiencing labour force crises due to ageing employees and a decreasing pool of a skilful younger generation who which can replace retiring baby boomers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of an ageing workforce and skills transfer of tan organisation, with the aim of coming up with strategies that can combat challenges pertaining to the dilemma. This study was conducted to assess the current challenges the organisation is facing regarding an ageing workforce. Focus will be placed on the importance of the loss of skills and how such skills can be retained and transferred to younger employees and recorded as institutional property.
Data was collected from Rand Water employees, that is: operators, artisans, support staff and management. A questionnaire with a six-point Likert scale was used to collect data from 156 participants working in selected Rand Water sites to investigate the investigation problem of an ageing workforce and skills transfer in the organisation.
The research results indicated that there is a strong positive relationship between support older employees to transfer skills, skills and knowledge transfer, the use and willingness of older employees for skills transfer, the use of skills sharing to reach goals and skills shortage among employees within the targeted Rand Water organisation. Such research results are very imperative to top management of the organisation for the execution of recommendations.
Assessing adherence to change management principles and its impact on employee attitudes in a selected South African bank
Melvin, A. Botha& Leon T.B. Jackson
Abstract
Organisations frequently implement change initiatives to enhance efficiency and effectiveness while utilising minimal resources. The implementation method of a change initiative significantly impacts its likelihood of success and the potential for adverse consequences. The bank underwent a restructuring process in 2021. The branch network was identified as an area for improvement, and the restructuring aimed to shift the business towards a more digital, platform-based model, moving away from traditional brick-and-mortar branches. The bank downsized its branch network in one town, reducing the number of branches from two to three or even one to two to enhance customer service. The study aims to evaluate whether the Ten Principles of Change Management, as outlined by Coetsee were followed during a change management project in a selected South African bank.
Furthermore, the study seeks to determine the potential impact of organisational commitment, job satisfaction, intentions to quit, and leadership skills in the banking sector on the successful implementation of change. Therefore, a quantitative method using a cross-sectional design was employed to achieve the study’s objectives. The results confirmed that principles of change were positively related to job satisfaction and affective commitment, that job satisfaction was positively associated with affective commitment, and that job satisfaction and affective commitment were negatively related to intentions to quit; consequently., The research also sheds light on the differential role of change management principles, job satisfaction, affective commitment in the relationship between adherence to change management principles and intentions to leave. This study, therefore, adds to the literature and broadens our understanding of the role of adherence to change in employee attitudes, such as job satisfaction, affective commitment, and intentions to quit. The study provides recommendations for both current and future research.
Investigating the influence of employee perceived appraisal fairness on motivation: The mediator role of organisational commitment
Nicolize Van Der Walt, Petrus Albertus Botha
Abstract
The study examines the challenges of performance evaluation, highlighting the importance of fairness in motivating employees and encouraging organisational commitment. The main objective is to investigate the relationship between perceived fairness in performance assessment, organisational commitment and employee motivation. Furthermore, the study aims to understand how fairness perceived in assessments affects motivation, considering the role of mediation of organisational commitments. The cross-sectoral survey used quantitative research to gather information from full-time operational personnel at three university campuses. The findings show that participants generally consider the performance assessment moderately fair, but the level of organisational commitment and employee motivation varies from person to person. The study found moderate positive correlations between equity and organisational commitment and strong correlations between organisational commitment and motivation. The results suggest that improving the performance assessment process can enhance the perception of fairness and encourage organisational commitment and motivation. The study highlights the crucial role of fairness in performance evaluation for promoting organisational commitment and improving employee motivation, offering valuable insights for enhancing performance management systems.
Exploring the influence of line managers’ generic skills on subordinates’ performance at a higher education institution in South Africa
Mr Curtis Knight & Dr Johan Jordaan
Abstract
The playing field of higher education has developed immensely during the 21st century, with an increased focus on generic (“soft”) skills and less emphasis on technical skills. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this development because the generic skill set of students had to change rapidly. Also in the workplace, this shift has been demonstrated to affect the performance of employees and that of managers. Institutions such as universities are also subjected to this change in emphasis.
This study explores the influence of line managers’ generic skills on subordinates’ performance in a South African higher education institution. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach through 104 in-depth interviews and observations. The study found that generic skills, such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, adaptability, and time management, play a vital role in employee productivity and performance. The study’s results provide valuable insights into how these skills can impact organisational outcomes The study has implications for the training of managers and performance management in universities and other HEIs.
This study explores the influence of line managers’ generic skills on subordinates’ performance in a South African higher education institution. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach through 104 in-depth interviews and observations. The study found that generic skills, such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, adaptability, and time management, play a vital role in employee productivity and performance. The study’s results provide valuable insights into how these skills can impact organisational outcomes The study has implications for the training of managers and performance management in universities and other HEIs.
The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Employee Retention In The Aviation Industry Of South Africa
Muofhe Nnditsheni John
Abstract
Background: The main focus of this study was the correlation between job satisfaction and employee retention. It is widely recognised that the retention of skilled and capable professionals is crucial for the effective functioning of aviation organisations.
Purpose of study: The objectives of the study were twofold. The first was to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and employee retention. The second was to determine whether job satisfaction predicts employee retention.
Motivation: Various relationship dynamics between job satisfaction, and employee retention have been identified in the literature, but little study has been conducted in the aviation industry.
Research Methodology: The research utilised a quantitative approach. Surveys were sent out online to 1200 individuals, resulting in 130 responses from full-time employees in managerial and support roles at the South African aviation organisation.
Main findings: Correlational analysis showed an association between job satisfaction and employee retention. Multiple regression analyses supported that job satisfaction predicts employee retention.
Research contribution: The study’s findings will give industry leaders direction on how to stop major employee attrition in the aviation sector by emphasising the enforcement of suitable retention strategies.
Redefining the Meaning of Trust in the New Hybrid World of Work
Nico Schutte , Nicolene Schutte (Barkhuizen)
Abstract
The term “augmented workforce” has emerged in recent years due to the widespread use of robotics, artificial intelligence, the gig economy, and crowdsourcing technologies. The widespread use of information and communication technologies and business virtualisation have brought trust to the forefront of management concerns. At its most basic, the managerial conundrum boils down to a single question: how can one manage people they cannot physically observe? The laws of trust are apparent and well established; however, they contradict a managerial tradition that holds that efficiency and control are inextricably linked and that you cannot have much of one without a significant amount of the other. This paper examines the use of trust in the new hybrid workplace. The relationship between the individual and the organisation is being assessed considering recent digital trends. The article contends that there is a need to redefine trust in the hybrid work environment. This article further identified difficulties linked to this transition, such as decreased trust based on physical presence and increased concerns over fairness and transparency. The findings show the possibilities offered by a new work of work paradigm, such as establishing trust through measurable outcomes, transparent communication, and reciprocal respect.
Talent Management: The Idealistic Realism in Higher Education
Nicolene Schutte (Barkhuizen)
Abstract
The introduction of talent management as a workplace function in the late 1990s was enthusiastically received as an innovative approach to optimise people management practice. Advocates view talent management as a top strategy for ensuring competitiveness, sustainability, and advancement in a VUCA world. Organizations that comprehended and were frontrunners in talent management practices reaped the advantages, although they were in the minority. Regrettably, we are experiencing a period characterised by the “Quiets”, referring to Quiet quitting and firing. This has brought attention to the practical implementation of talent management in the workplace and its significance. The main objective of this paper is to deconstruct the ideologies around talent management and the perceived effectiveness of the practical application thereof in the context of higher education. Based on a textual and discourse analysis of foundational texts on TM, I identify the ideological thoughts currently shaping talent management practice and the emergent gaps in the realistic application thereof. Although there have been some advancements in the academic research and practical implementation of talent, notable disparities exist between their perceived benefits and their actual use in the workplace. This necessitates a fundamental change in our ideological cognitive processes regarding talent management.
Exploring Talent Management Practices in a Selected Gauteng Metropolitan Municipality
Nicolene Schutte (Barkhuizen), Nico Schutte, Lerato Motimele
Abstract
The Constitution of South Africa requires local government institutions to provide essential services for the greater good of society. It is widely believed that talented employees are the most important assets for ensuring service efficiency in local government. Therefore, investing in talented employees is essential to ensure continuous service performance. The primary objective of this study was to explore the current application of talent management practices in a South African local government institution. A qualitative research methodology was implemented using semi-structured interviews (N=8) with personnel of a particular local government institution. The strategic importance of talent management, talent performance management, and talent acquisition were identified as constraining factors for talent management implementation. Training and development and retention strategies were identified as enabling factors. Overall, the findings indicated that talent management needs to be addressed in the local government institution, hindering efficient service delivery. Local government institutions are urged to take note of the findings that talent management is essential for improving service delivery. Recommendations are made.
Rolling with the Punches: Perspectives of Human Resources and Line Management on Contract Academics
Shihaam Solomon, Marieta du Plessis
Abstract
The higher education sector endured significant transformations over the past few decades. One such aspect is university employment practice. Precarious employment has become extensive owing to cost-saving measures characteristic of modern-day university management. The literature captured contract academics’ employment experience, described as exploitative and dehumanising; however, the perspectives of line management and human resources (HR) professionals have yet to be explored; therefore, this study offers the organisational perspective, and further insight into the attempt to improve the employment experience of those in precarious and vulnerable employment. The study employed an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative research approach. Interviews were conducted with three HR professionals and three department heads from two South African universities. The findings confirm the misalignment with role expectations, role disillusionment, and a breach in the psychological contract of academics, line management, and HR within the employment relationship; therefore, a perceptible need exists to reassess the policies governing the contract employment process, ensuring policies are comprehensive in regulating the needs of all employee categories while ensuring fair and equitable treatment within the employment experience.
The perceived psychosocial and economic impact of Load-shedding in selected Small and Micro Medium Enterprises
Shaa’ista Banderker, Mineshree Naidoo-Chetty
Abstract
Load-shedding in South Africa has significantly impacted businesses, from large franchises to small, micro and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs). This crisis has forced many to reduce operations or close entirely. This study aimed to understand the perceived psychological, social, and economic impact of load-shedding on employees in selected SMMEs in the Western Cape. Using a qualitative approach, nine participants were interviewed through semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that participants were affected across all three themes: psychological, social, and economic. The nature of their work caused similar experiences and observations. Participants remarked that the pandemic severely affected their mental health, with majority experiencing high levels of stress and anxiety due to load-shedding frequency, affecting their businesses. The study thus provides insights into load-shedding’s impact on SMMEs and suggests potential solutions for overcoming this ‘epidemic.’ The research highlights the critical nature of electricity for daily life and business advancement. It emphasises the need for SMMEs to explore options and recognise that they are not alone in facing these challenges. By examining the multifaceted impacts of load-shedding, this study contributes to understanding the broader implications of power irregularities on businesses and their employees.
Work Engagement At The South African Road Accident Fund: The Role Of Flexible Working Arrangements
Dr Wayne Macpherson, Dr Bridget De Villiers, Mrs Nondumiso Goqo
Abstract
Organisational success and sustainability are achieved through ensuring that employees remain motivated and engaged in the pursuit of organisational objectives. This includes employees in the South African public sector which is mandated with ensuring quality service delivery to citizens. However, public sector performance has found to be lacking, which, in part, has been attributed to a lack of engagement. This makes it important to identify and leverage the factors that do have a positive influence on employee engagement, and ultimately on their performance. The purpose of this study was to examine work engagement at a public sector entity, this being the South African Road Accident Fund (RAF). As with many other organisations, the RAF has introduced flexible working arrangements (FWAs). The study thus further sought to explore the role played by FWAs as an engagement factor.
Understanding the experiences of female career advancement in the engineering field
Nina Jean, Mineshree Naidoo-Chetty
Abstract
Despite living in what should be perceived as a gender-equitable society, women remain the minority in traditionally male-dominated fields such as the engineering sector. Women tend to experience unique challenges that affect their career advancement. Thus, the study aims to explore the experiences of women working in the engineering sector by examining the challenges they encounter, as well as potential strategies to overcome these difficulties, thereby enabling them to continue their career paths. Limited attention has been paid to understanding the career advancement challenges faced by women and the resultant gender misrepresentation. A qualitative research method was employed, using semi-structured interviews. A sample of 10 women employed in the engineering sector was selected. Thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the data with four main themes emerging from the data findings, that being male dominance, support from others, stereotypes and discrimination along with self-efficacy. This study thus contributes to the growing body of knowledge through understanding how gender equality issues impact women’s workplace experiences and career advancement. Therefore, it underscores the importance for organisations to consider improving their policies and practices related to gender equity.
The pervasive issue of Black Tax in young South African black professionals’ career management
Marelise Powell, Yvonne du Plessis
Abstract
This research addresses the pervasive issue of Black Tax amongst young black professionals in South Africa. The study seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics of balancing financial obligations to extended family members with personal financial goals, career progression, and psychological well-being. The research addresses a critical gap in understanding how Black Tax influences career management among young black professionals. The research problem stems from the limited comprehension of how Black Tax influences career management of young black professionals. The purpose of the study was to delve into the experiences and perceptions of young black professionals grounded in a theoretical foundation that acknowledges the complexity of familial obligations and career aspirations, a qualitative phenomenological research approach and purposive sampling were employed to capture the perspectives of voluntary participants. Thematic analysis was employed by analysing seven interview transcripts. Key findings showed the multifaceted influence of Black Tax on career choices, goals, and prospects. It offers actionable insights for individuals, organisations, and policymakers. The research addresses a critical gap in understanding how Black Tax influences career management among young black professionals. Managerial implications extend to individuals, organisations, and policymakers. Insights gained could inform workplace practices, inclusive policies, and strategic decision-making at both individual and organisational levels.
Next-Gen Integration: Navigating the Onboarding Maze for Gen Z in Today’s Workplace
Melanie Ridgard, Liezel Massyn
Abstract
As Generation Z enters the workforce, understanding their unique characteristics and preferences becomes crucial for effective talent management. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities associated with onboarding Gen Z employees into the contemporary workplace environment. Traditional orientation programmes, while valuable, often fall short in fully engaging and integrating this cohort. This study adopted a qualitative research design and purposive sampling was employed to sample the participants. The study was conducted at a university at a Centre for Teaching, who employs a large number of this cohort. A sample of 20 was selected for the study. The sample size was thirteen Gen Z employees between the ages of 18 and 25 and seven Gen Z supervisors’ participants, who supervise Gen Z employees, were between the ages of 25 to 40. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and a thematic analysis were used to analyse the results. Evidence from the interviews reveals the expectations and challenges of both the Gen Z employees and the Gen Z supervisors and how these experiences differ. Additionally, this research explores participants’ understanding and experience of participating in an onboarding programme and what a potential onboarding programme could look like.
Exploring the contributing and constraining factors of a talent management strategy in a selected Ministry in the Government of Namibia
Moses Shikonekeni Nghifikwa, Cecile Schultz, Henk de Jager
Abstract
Organisations do not operate in a vacuum because they need their best assets (employees) to bring their best talents and manage them at the workplace. Organisations mostly lack a talent management strategy, leading to resignations, attrition, and dismissal of employees. The study’s primary goal was to explore the key factors, including constraining and enabling factors for a talent management strategy in a selected Ministry in Namibia.
Although numerous studies on talent management have been done in Namibia, the literature indicates limited research on talent management strategy in the Namibian Government. The main motivation was to explore the reason for such a phenomenon. For the purposes of this study, a constructivist stance with a philosophy grounded in an ontological paradigm was selected as the methodology. Data were collected from 15 experts through an interview schedule and analysed using thematic analysis.
The study revealed three major constraining factors for a talent management strategy: budgetary, bureaucratic, and environmental. Further, the study suggested that the contributing factors for talent management strategy were management support, alignment of talent management to business strategy, promoting talent management culture, training and development.
Although numerous studies on talent management have been done in Namibia, the literature indicates limited research on talent management strategy in the Namibian Government. The main motivation was to explore the reason for such a phenomenon. For the purposes of this study, a constructivist stance with a philosophy grounded in an ontological paradigm was selected as the methodology. Data were collected from 15 experts through an interview schedule and analysed using thematic analysis.
The study revealed three major constraining factors for a talent management strategy: budgetary, bureaucratic, and environmental. Further, the study suggested that the contributing factors for talent management strategy were management support, alignment of talent management to business strategy, promoting talent management culture, training and development.
A South African perspective on the relationship between quality of work life and organisational commitment amongst employees
Sekunyane Tebogo Lehlomela, Leigh-Anne Paul Dachapalli, Suzette Ragadu
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the biographical differences between the QWL (quality of work life) and OC (organisational commitment) at a government department in Gauteng. A quantitative research approach was used to achieve the study’s objectives. The quantitative research approach was chosen primarily to determine the relationship between the two variables of interests, namely quality of work life and organisational commitment. A structured questionnaire, validated from previous studies, consisting of closed-ended questions was used. Data were collected and then analysed using the SPSS IBM 25 software package. All the Pearson correlation coefficients are positive regarding the direction, inferring that the respondents’ age and all work-life variables considered in this research are positively correlated. Regarding QWL, it has been inferred that age has a moderate to weak positive correlation to QWL which is statistically significant. Marital status and OC are positively correlated, with the highest p-value between the respondents’ marital status and CC at 0.406. It was thus concluded that any p-value above 0.05 represents a negative correlation between variables.
Tailoring Coaching for Master’s Students by Using Emotional Intelligence and Values Analysis
Daneel van Lill, Nadia Morton
Abstract
This paper investigates creating and applying personalised team coaching methods for master’s degree students, aiming to enhance academic results, life quality, and intra- and interpersonal connections through emotional intelligence (EQ) predictors and core values. Participants assessed their EQ profiles, which were quantitatively analysed alongside core values identified during team coaching sessions. These values were qualitatively reviewed and linked to the EQ findings. Multiple regression analysis assessed the impact of life events, academic stress, and personal stressors on EQ scales. Results showed personal stressors significantly affected EQ scales related to social interactions, highlighting the importance of social support in stress management. Students reported increased self-awareness, self-regulation, and improved team dynamics from the coaching sessions. Activities like the card game icebreaker and EQ profile discussions helped students better understand personal and team values. Coaching interventions, including mindfulness, empathy, and resilience training, were introduced to enhance critical aspects of EQ. Aligning EQ profiles with core values improved performance, contentment, team unity, and motivation, while misalignments increased stress and reduced efficacy. This study offers a structured approach for personalised coaching strategies, addressing emotional competencies and supporting overall well-being and academic achievement. Future research should expand the participant base, include objective EQ measures, and evaluate the long-term effects of these interventions.
Leadership Coaching for Deans in Public Higher Education
Daneel van Lill, Crystal Hoole
Abstract
Our research examines the impact of leadership coaching for deans at a South African public university, addressing the increasing complexity and societal demands on higher education. This study evaluates how coaching influences deans’ roles and effectiveness. Through semi-structured interviews with eight deans, we identified six key themes: transformational leadership, organisational culture, relationship management, research promotion, operational systems, and institutional support. The findings indicate that coaching significantly enhances deans’ strategic thinking, relationship management, and reflective learning. It helps them balance strategic and operational responsibilities, foster positive organisational cultures, manage complex relationships, and promote transformational leadership. The study highlights the necessity for comprehensive leadership development programmes incorporating coaching, mentorship, and ongoing support, focusing on strategic leadership, relationship management, operational efficiency, and positive organisational cultures. Enhanced induction and continuous improvement practices are recommended for newly appointed deans. Acknowledging limitations such as the small sample size and reliance on self-reported data, future studies should consider broader, more diverse samples and mixed-method approaches to validate these findings. Despite these limitations, our study offers valuable insights into the role of leadership coaching in enhancing the effectiveness of academic leaders, providing a framework for supporting deans in navigating higher education leadership complexities. Implementing these strategies can better equip university deans to lead effectively, fostering thriving academic environments that meet contemporary challenges and expectations.
Driving Entrepreneurial Success: Innovating in Sustainability and Social Responsibility for Competitive Advantage
Lia (Magda) Hewitt
Abstract
This paper explores how innovation in sustainability, particularly through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is crucial for entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs who embed sustainability and social responsibility into their business models can seize new opportunities, gain stakeholder support, and achieve a competitive edge in the market. Yet, many entrepreneurs fail to leverage these opportunities. This paper presents a theoretical exploration aimed at developing hypotheses on how these factors can drive entrepreneurial success and create a competitive advantage. Given its conceptual focus, empirical data collection is beyond the scope of this study, with future research recommended for empirical validation. Adopting a constructivist ontological stance, the study recognises that entrepreneurial success, sustainability, and social responsibility are socially constructed and context dependent. Epistemologically, it employs a critical realist perspective, acknowledging that while interpretations of these constructs vary, underlying mechanisms can be explored through hypothesis generation. The methodology involves a comprehensive review and synthesis of existing literature to identify key gaps and inconsistencies. Hypotheses are formulated through deductive reasoning to address these gaps and propose new directions for future empirical investigation. This approach aligns with the goals of theory-building research, aiming to advance conceptual understanding and guide subsequent studies. The study integrates the Triple Bottom Line (TBL), Stakeholder Theory, and Sustainable Entrepreneurship to examine how businesses can innovate sustainably. Four hypotheses are proposed within each theoretical framework to enhance understanding of sustainable practice’s impact on entrepreneurial success.
How do university management levels differ in perception of their institution’s entrepreneurial orientation?
Bongani Ndamase, Jurie van Vuuren, Menisha Moos, Clint Davies,
Abstract
Unlike resource-based economies that rely on capital, labour, and land, a knowledge-based economy depends predominantly on knowledge as a production factor. Universities play a critical role in this transition, evolving to become entrepreneurial institutions that drive socio-economic development. Despite this understanding, the South African government, entrepreneurship scholars, and other stakeholders have not fully developed an understanding of the role of universities in this significant economic transformation, prompting this study.
The quantitative study used the modified ENTRE-U scale, the most comprehensive tool for evaluating universities’ entrepreneurial orientation. It used a cross-sectional survey with a self-administered questionnaire containing 30 response items. This study significantly contributes to corporate entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial universities, enriching the ENTRE-U scale and enhancing the understanding of factors constituting entrepreneurial universities. The five factors generated through factor analysis contribute to scholarship on universities’ entrepreneurial orientation. The study provides an improved understanding of the differences in the perceptions of different management levels of South African universities regarding the entrepreneurial orientation at their institutions.
The study also enhances the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial universities as catalysts for economic development, aiding public policymakers in aligning resource allocation towards universities and the knowledge sector in the journey towards 2030.
The quantitative study used the modified ENTRE-U scale, the most comprehensive tool for evaluating universities’ entrepreneurial orientation. It used a cross-sectional survey with a self-administered questionnaire containing 30 response items. This study significantly contributes to corporate entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial universities, enriching the ENTRE-U scale and enhancing the understanding of factors constituting entrepreneurial universities. The five factors generated through factor analysis contribute to scholarship on universities’ entrepreneurial orientation. The study provides an improved understanding of the differences in the perceptions of different management levels of South African universities regarding the entrepreneurial orientation at their institutions.
The study also enhances the theoretical understanding of entrepreneurial universities as catalysts for economic development, aiding public policymakers in aligning resource allocation towards universities and the knowledge sector in the journey towards 2030.
Factors influencing the youth at a selected township in Gauteng Province to start businesses.
Moses Jametane Matsheke
Abstract
There are many young individuals in Sebokeng township in the Southern Region of Gauteng Province who are not working. Some of these young people have lost hope of being employed anytime soon. According to Statistics South Africa, the youth unemployment rate is currently at an alarming 45,5 per cent. The most probable solution to this problem is having them trained to start their own businesses. This prompted the undertaking of this study to determine the influence that Instrumental Readiness (IR), Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) and Attitude Towards Behaviour (ATB) might have on the Entrepreneurial Intentions of the youth in this township. The study followed a quantitative research approach using a purposive sampling method. The sample size was pegged at 150, but only 118 usable questionnaires were analysed. To analyse data, the SmartPLS version 4 was utilised. The analyses performed for this study were descriptive, correlations and path model analysis. The results revealed that only ATB significantly influences the EI of the youth, with IR having influence on the ESE. The ESE, in turn, had a significant influence on the ATB. In terms of managerial implications, the study provided insights into which factors are significant for the authorities to focus on in trying to help the youth become entrepreneurial.
Entrepreneurship Education: Fostering an Intrapreneurial Orientation
Chris Schachtebeck
Abstract
Entrepreneurship education (EE) programs often focus on new venture creation and developing entrepreneurial skills. However, as employees’ entrepreneurial competencies become increasingly important, questions arise about whether intrapreneurial orientation is also an intended outcome of these programs. This qualitative study explores whether entrepreneurship education is designed to foster intrapreneurial behaviour, referred to as an employee’s intrapreneurial orientation, within existing organisations. By conducting a systematic review of empirical studies in Google Scholar linking EE and intrapreneurial orientation, analysed using a thematic content analysis, we find that research in this area remains limited. Key themes suggest that networking, apprenticeships, management development programs and project-based learning are important for EE programs which want to foster an IO. These findings contribute to enhancing entrepreneurship education programs and advancing an employee’s intrapreneurial orientation as a valuable business outcome.
The impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on the performance of SMEs
Lebohang Masoabi, Winnie Sereeco, Ian Maseko
Abstract
Entrepreneurial characteristics are the specific knowledge, abilities, drives, morals, and attitudes that each person needs to effectively contribute to an organisation and develop personally. This study aims to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics and the performance of SMEs. It is aimed at finding out the extent to which entrepreneurial characteristics helps SMEs performance. In an attempt to establish the thrust of this research, primary and secondary data were generated. Secondary data were sourced from articles textbook and journals and primary data was generated through self-administered questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for data analysis with the aid of statistics package for social science. Descriptive data was analyzed using simple percentage table and regression analytical tools were to test the hypothesis In the descriptive survey study design, 200 business owners, managers, and shareholders were included in the sample. Snowball sampling, a technique used in probability sampling, was applied. 1 Tests for face validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) were carried out. The results suggest a significant association between various entrepreneurial abilities and the performance of SMEs, as well as an effect of some entrepreneurial skills on SMEs’ performance. The study suggests that in order to boost the performance of small and medium-sized businesses, managers, owners and shareholders of businesses should concentrate on developing their entrepreneurship abilities. Based on the findings from the study, it was recommended that Entrepreneurial characteristics should be enhanced as a means of nurturing SMEs performance and long- term growth and survival.
Stronger Emphasis on Financial Literacy to Foster Entrepreneurial Intention – a Review
Melany Lotter
Abstract
Financial literacy becomes a critical asset for aspirational entrepreneurs navigating challenging economic landscapes. It empowers individuals to effectively manage their finances, mitigate risks, and make informed decisions amidst uncertain market conditions. Studies include multifaceted exploration of financial literacy within entrepreneurship. While existing literature reviews offer valuable insights into the connection between financial literacy and entrepreneurship, a gap remains in understanding how financial literacy fosters entrepreneurial intention. Unemployment remains a significant challenge, and many developing countries like South Africa face high unemployment rates and low financial literacy. A critical review of global studies on financial literacy and entrepreneurial intent yields findings that merit consideration. While research on the connection between financial literacy and entrepreneurial intent has grown in recent years in developed and developing countries, it remains a relatively understudied area. The findings suggest that financial literacy generally correlates with a higher likelihood of starting a business, although other factors might influence this relationship. Some studies suggest it is a stronger motivator for men than women. By synthesising findings from various studies, the review can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between financial literacy and entrepreneur intent, informing policy decisions and strategic intervention to create an environment that encourages and empowers individuals to pursue their entrepreneurial aspirations.
Corporate entrepreneurship and organisational performance in the educational sector: Examining gender, age, and managerial level perceptual differences
Michael Msawenkosi Thabethe, Abdella Kosa Chebo, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
It is not surprising that firms benefit from adopting and practicing entrepreneurial activities in both public and private sectors. However, the study of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) in the education sector and university entrance performance is limited. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between CE and performance in the education sector as well as the perceived differences in terms of gender, age, and managerial levels. The study employed both descriptive and explanatory design and data were collected from a total of 426 respondents from the Department of Education in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. The study found that there is statistically significant correlation between all CE practices and University Entrance Performance. Besides, the study shows that there is no statistically significant difference of opinion between the mean scores of male and female respondents about how they perceive the level of CE elements. The study also shows that a statistically significant variance does not exist between the various age groups and management levels on how they perceive the levels of CE in the Department of Education. Therefore, the public educational sector must adopt CE to enhance the organizational performance.
Entrepreneurial Universities for Student Success: a Conceptual Conjecture
Thea Tselepis
Abstract
The need for Entrepreneurial Universities in South Africa is growing because the South African government is pressured to keep financial commitments to students and universities. A core aspect of any university is to manage and support student success. Consequently, complex university systems within the institution of Higher Education must be managed to create opportunities and optimise resources for student success. This conceptual paper explores how entrepreneurial universities may approach student success. The literature review offers a meta-theoretical view of a typical university system and the thinking that drives the system. The research paradigm is interpretivist as the researcher becomes an instrument and argues, explores and compiles a conceptual conjecture of an approach to student success within the context of Entrepreneurial Universities. The conjecture proposes that Entrepreneurial Universities require integrated thinking in their systems and that all people in the systems must be equipped to analyse, synthesise, evaluate and create. The sub-systems within the university system also need to be integrated, and data plays a vital role in iterative and more agile decision-making than in typical universities. The proposed approach to student success provides implications for university management teams.
Can we counter AI with a manual method for qualitative data analysis, or are we too dependent on CAQDAS?
Dr. Carin Strydom, Prof Stephan Van Der Merwe
Abstract
As background in the study “Developing a framework for SMME survival based on events during COVID -19 in the Western Cape of South Africa”, the researcher did not want to take the risk of making use of Artificial Intelligence and CAQDAS programs to analyse the complex data encompassing economic, financial, emotional and mental factors, all due to the economic lockdowns of COVID -19. This article aims to provide a scientific method of manual qualitative data analysis that was followed to analyse this wide variety of data. The motivation for developing this manual method was due to the emotional upheaval experienced during difficult economic periods of lockdown by the participants.
The research methodology followed was a study conducted via 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the successful SMME owners secured via snowball sampling. The study’s main findings indicated that a framework could be developed based on the manual data analysis process by applying scientific methods and using a Thematic Analysis Process and a wall-coding concept. The contribution of this research is that it was proven that CAQDAS programs or AI-generated software are not the only solution when a researcher has to analyse qualitative data.
The research methodology followed was a study conducted via 16 face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the successful SMME owners secured via snowball sampling. The study’s main findings indicated that a framework could be developed based on the manual data analysis process by applying scientific methods and using a Thematic Analysis Process and a wall-coding concept. The contribution of this research is that it was proven that CAQDAS programs or AI-generated software are not the only solution when a researcher has to analyse qualitative data.
Talent Retention Strategies in the Face of Global Mobility: A Case Study of South African SMEs
Victoria Adekomaya, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
In today’s interconnected world, the mobility of talent has become a significant challenge for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) worldwide, including those in South Africa. This study explores the talent retention strategies adopted by South African SMEs amidst the phenomenon of global mobility. A qualitative method based on interviews with 15 SME owners and employees, was used to investigate the unique approaches employed by South African SMEs to retain their skilled workforce in the face of increasing opportunities for global mobility.
The findings reveal an approach to talent retention, encompassing various organizational and individual-level strategies. At the organizational level, SMEs emphasize creating a positive work culture, offering competitive compensation and benefits packages, providing opportunities for skill development and career advancement, and fostering strong relationships between employees and management. The study highlights the importance of understanding the motivations and aspirations of employees, particularly in the context of global mobility. This study offers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by South African SMEs in retaining talent amidst global mobility trends.
The findings reveal an approach to talent retention, encompassing various organizational and individual-level strategies. At the organizational level, SMEs emphasize creating a positive work culture, offering competitive compensation and benefits packages, providing opportunities for skill development and career advancement, and fostering strong relationships between employees and management. The study highlights the importance of understanding the motivations and aspirations of employees, particularly in the context of global mobility. This study offers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by South African SMEs in retaining talent amidst global mobility trends.
Community-Based Entrepreneurship: Fostering Local Economic Development And Social Cohesion
JD Ngo Ndjama, J. Van Der Westhuizen
Abstract
The challenges communities face such as poverty, social injustice, loss of culture, and environmental degradation, may seem daunting. Despite the efforts of governments, NGOs, and corporations to address sustainability issues, many problems remain unresolved. CBE is seen as a viable solution for improving the economic situation of communities facing crises. Built upon the entrepreneurial event theory, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how community-based entrepreneurship can contribute to local development and social cohesion. To achieve this, a systematic literature review methodology was employed. A thorough search of academic databases and relevant sources is conducted to identify and analyse scholarly articles, books, and reports that discuss community-based entrepreneurship. The selected materials are then critically reviewed and synthesised to extract key findings and insights. The findings of this study highlight the positive impact of community-based entrepreneurship on local development and social cohesion. It is observed that community-based entrepreneurship initiatives can create employment opportunities, enhance local economies, and strengthen social networks within communities. Moreover, these initiatives contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and the empowerment of marginalised groups. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policymakers and stakeholders should recognise the importance of community-based entrepreneurship and provide support through funding, training, and mentorship programs.
Women Entrepreneurship: Emerging Opportunities In Startup Creation
Joelle Danielle Ngo Ndjama, Johan Van Der Westhuizen
Abstract
There has been a transformation from traditional business activities to modern businesses because of rapid technological improvements and advancements. Due to these tremendous changes, there have been new businesses emerging such as entrepreneurship and start-ups. This study aims to explore the emerging opportunities in startup creation for women entrepreneurs, with a focus on potential differences in failure rates between women-led ventures and men-led ventures using the role congruity theory. The research method employed in this study is a comprehensive literature review, which includes an analysis of women’s literacy and education, flexible working hours and location, flat organisational structure, and economic conditions. The study results indicate that women entrepreneurs have the potential to thrive in startup creation due to factors such as favourable economic conditions, increased literacy and education, the ability to work flexibly, and a preference for less bureaucratic structures. The implications of these results suggest a need for greater support and resources for women entrepreneurs to capitalise on these emerging opportunities. Recommendations include the implementation of policies and programs that promote gender equality in entrepreneurship, as well as the provision of mentorship and networking opportunities for women in startup creation.
Information search and mindsets: Exploring nuances to improve learning in personal initiative action-based entrepreneurial interventions in Africa.
Andre van der Walt
Abstract
In successful attempts to increase entrepreneurial action across Africa, Frese and colleagues took a psychological approach. They incorporated personal initiative (PI) in action-based entrepreneurial interventions to support a bottom-up approach to entrepreneurial development. To build on these successes and increase the learning in these interventions, they must be made more generic and applied to a wider variety of settings and a more generalised population. The study, therefore, evaluated the inner workings of these interventions to identify nuances on an individual level to increase the learning that happens in these action-based interventions for developing economies. A multiple case study strategy was used to investigate two interventions in the Mopani region of South Africa consisting of female entrepreneurs. Qualitative data were collected and analysed inductively to make sense of the nuances in these interventions. Trustworthiness in the data was established by focusing on quality mechanisms before, during and after data collection and analysis. The findings resulted in three propositions to help extend the Action Regulation Theory (ART) by showing how individual mindsets play an active role in information seeking to impact the action sequence.
Fear of Failure and Entrepreneurial Behaviour among University Students: Do Gender and Financial Resources Matter?
Brownhilder Neneh, Obey Dzomonda
Abstract
Fear of failure is regarded as a negative emotion that forces aspiring entrepreneurs to abandon the start-up process or not follow through on their initial entrepreneurial intentions. As such, the objective of this study was to assess the relationship between fear of failure and entrepreneurial behaviour and if gender matters. Additionally, the study tested whether financial resources moderate the association between fear of failure and entrepreneurial behaviour. The study adopted a quantitative research method with a causal research design. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 303 university students from a South African University. The results showed that fear of failure negatively influences entrepreneurial behaviour among university students. It was also established that female students exhibit a higher fear of failure than males in fear dimensions such as the personal ability to manage a business and the potential of the idea to be accepted in the market. Interestingly, the findings showed that perceived access to financial resources moderates the relationship between fear of failure and entrepreneurial behaviour. The originality of this study is that it is one of its kind to understand the role of emotions such as fear of failure in the entrepreneurial process using a sample of university students from a developing country context. The findings culminate with practical and policy implications.
South Africa’s Entrepreneurial Attitude Ranking Within the BRICS+ Alliance
Bouba Ismaila, John Beneke
Abstract
The importance of entrepreneurship has never been placed at the forefront of economic development like it has in the recent few decades despite having been practiced for centuries. The African continent is in a dire need of developing its entrepreneurial ecosystem to drive its economy. This study sought to compare the South Africa’s entrepreneurship mind-set in comparison to partners within the BRICS+ alliance. The sample size used was eight out of the 10 countries that form the alliance because there was no data for Ethiopia and Russia in the data that was used for the five-year period under consideration. The data has been collected and validated by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for their regular reports on the global entrepreneurship outlook. To analyse the data, pivot tables in Excel were used to extract the necessary data and summarise it, then visualise it using column charts to gain insights and make comparisons between the countries within the group and South Africa. The results showed that South Africa is behind with most of the measures that have been evaluated. This implies that the country needs to do more for its population to start getting comfortable with the idea of doing own business as a way of earning a living.
Towards a model for improved SME performance via entrepreneurial and business factors
Alfred Masakale
Abstract
While resources are key for SMEs, there is increasing recognition that incorporating competencies, knowledge and flexibility, referred to as dynamic capabilities, is crucial for SMEs to grow and thrive in this dynamic business environment SMEs operate in today. The purpose of the article is to propose a model for improved SME performance, mediated by entrepreneurial competencies and dynamic capabilities, specifically discussing the theories that were instrumental in the proposed model. The model that this article seeks to develop would apply to entrepreneurs and SMEs whose aim is to grow and improve their performance via dynamic capabilities instead of resources. Based on an extensive review of the theoretical and empirical literature, the paper used past theoretical frameworks as well as a systematic literature review to posit a model. The article does a systematic review of the theories that were instrumental in developing the proposed model for improved SME performance through entrepreneurial competencies and dynamic capabilities. The article then argues the relevance of the theories in supporting the proposed model and contributes to the body of knowledge on the extended resource-based view on firm competitiveness by proposing a contribution that dynamic capabilities can make in improving SME performance.
The influence of entrepreneurial orientation on operational efficiency and performance in South African manufacturing SMEs
Zamurai Masuka, Irvine Langton, Chengedzai Mafini
Abstract
Forward‐looking manufacturing SMEs today are agile, dynamic, and responsive. They play an essential part in employment creation, innovation, and creativity and earn their countries’ much-needed foreign currency. However, in South Africa, manufacturing SMEs show stagnant turnover and employment growth. The study tested a conceptual framework for entrepreneurial orientation, operational efficiency, and performance in SMEs in South Africa. A quantitative approach was employed, and data was gathered using a survey questionnaire distributed to a purposively drawn sample of 494 SME owners, managers, and professional staff in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The SMART partial least squares (PLS, version 3.0) package was utilised as a tool for data analysis. Hypotheses tests showed that all entrepreneurial orientation practices influence the operational efficiency of manufacturing SMEs. The study also confirmed that operational efficiency positively affects SMEs’ financial and non-financial performance. The study proposes a new model of entrepreneurial orientation, operational efficiency, and organisational performance of SMEs. The study is essential as it offers innovative and new insights into entrepreneurial orientation and business performance to the existing body of knowledge within the sphere of entrepreneurship in South Africa and other developing countries.
Proposing a compliance training success framework for South African banks to enhance an entrepreneurial business environment
Marié Deseré Botha, Stephan Van der Merwe
Abstract
Compliance departments are crucial to maintaining a competitive advantage, and are perceived to have high costs, compounded by sanctions and the difficulty of proving the value of compliance training. Research proves that an increase in corporate entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation increases performance, and that entrepreneurial orientation is a component of corporate entrepreneurship. This study examined the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and compliance training success, with entrepreneurial orientation as a mediating variable.
Compliance Officers within the South African banking sector were targeted through purposive sampling. There was a total of 1 232 participants in the study, with 341 surveys returned (27.7%).
Structural equation modelling was used in the empirical study. All ten compliance training success models were positively correlated with corporate entrepreneurship, thus proving that an increase in corporate entrepreneurship increases performance in terms of compliance training success. Entrepreneurial orientation positively mediated the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and the classical Kirkpatrick training success model.
Theoretical contributions include supplementing the theoretical knowledge on corporate entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial orientation, and compliance training success. Practical contributions include the development of a training success framework, proposed for South African banks to enhance an entrepreneurial business environment, and a quality assurance framework with suggestions on how to evaluate compliance training success.
Compliance Officers within the South African banking sector were targeted through purposive sampling. There was a total of 1 232 participants in the study, with 341 surveys returned (27.7%).
Structural equation modelling was used in the empirical study. All ten compliance training success models were positively correlated with corporate entrepreneurship, thus proving that an increase in corporate entrepreneurship increases performance in terms of compliance training success. Entrepreneurial orientation positively mediated the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and the classical Kirkpatrick training success model.
Theoretical contributions include supplementing the theoretical knowledge on corporate entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial orientation, and compliance training success. Practical contributions include the development of a training success framework, proposed for South African banks to enhance an entrepreneurial business environment, and a quality assurance framework with suggestions on how to evaluate compliance training success.
Not Your Traditional Entrepreneur: Comparing Artistic Creative Archetypes to Artistic Creative Entrepreneurial Profiles
Cornel Gibson-Tessendorf, Noel Pearse, Matshediso Mohapeloa
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the change in the identity of artists, crafters and designers from Artistic Creative to Artistic Creative Entrepreneurial. The findings are presented as Artistic Creative Archetypes and Artistic Creative Entrepreneurial Profiles. As such the motivation for the study is to investigate the Artistic Creatives’ typical experienced tension between their creative identity and potential entrepreneurial roles. This research documented the change in values experienced by Artistic Creatives when becoming Entrepreneurs. This forms part of a Grounded Theory study where the research design, approach and method employs a Straussian-grounded theory method with data from interviews with 32 Artistic Creative Entrepreneurs from the Border Kei area of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The main findings present the shift and change in the values of Artistic Creatives when becoming Artistic Creative Entrepreneurs. Considering these values when making entrepreneurial decisions may alleviate the tension between their Artistic Creative identity and their Entrepreneurial identity. The practical implications show that as Artistic Creatives become entrepreneurs they experience a change in their basic identity. This research practically indicates how the Artistic Creative Entrepreneur may embrace this changed identity without perceiving it as a sacrifice but as an extension of their creative identity. This study contributes to knowledge concerning adopting artistic creative entrepreneur identities, and how values guide this transition.
Exploring the perception of copreneurship in the Vaal Triangle, South Africa
Mrs Cindy Nhlapo, Prof Stephan Van Der Merwe
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to get insights from the different dynamics copreneurs have to manage in the two intertwined worlds of business and romance. The study starts with a literature review to understand copreneurship and an empirical research study, interviewing ten copreneurs using semi-structured face-to-face interviews to collect data. The study, through the six themes, identified role allocation, separating business and home issues, conflict management, the measurement of business growth, and the involvement of family members in the business revealed that copreneurship is composed of challenges and benefits. The participants cited that copreneurship gives the business a unique, difficult-to- imitate competitive advantage and also provided recommendations for success to existing and aspiring copreneurs. This study contributes to the existing literature on and practice of entrepreneurship, family businesses and copreneurship within a specific geographic context of the participants.
Developing a framework for SMME survival based on events during COVID-19 in the Western Cape, South Africa
Dr. Carin Strydom, Prof Stephan Van Der Merwe
Abstract
SMMEs struggled to survive during the COVID-19 pandemic due to lockdowns and various reasons, however, in the Western Cape of South Africa, several SMMEs not only survived but thrived. This study aimed to ascertain their specific reasons for survival and to research the possibility of a framework that can be developed for survival of a pandemic, based on their actions.
A qualitative research methodology approach was followed, applying snowball sampling to obtain the 16 participants who were interviewed via semi-structured interviews. Once the data was collected and coded, a manual qualitative data analysis method was applied. Limitations were imposed via the POPI Act of South Africa in terms of identifying the participants.
The results and findings of this study enabled the creation of a framework to be developed for survival as SMME during a pandemic. The study contributed to knowledge by expanding on the challenges experienced by the SMMEs during the pandemic, the mentorship role and motivational factors that resulted in establishing the SMME, which personal skills, attributes and characteristics are required to survive a pandemic as well as which leadership styles are best to survive a pandemic. The views of success pre-Covid and post-Covid provided perspective on how entrepreneurs’ views were impacted. In addition, the Western Cape Government’s entrepreneurial ecosystem and whether this contributed to the SMME survival were investigated. The SMMEs’ actions and their advice assisted in reaching this study’s objectives. The framework developed contributed to how entrepreneurs should establish self-constructed support for the continuity of their SMME.
A qualitative research methodology approach was followed, applying snowball sampling to obtain the 16 participants who were interviewed via semi-structured interviews. Once the data was collected and coded, a manual qualitative data analysis method was applied. Limitations were imposed via the POPI Act of South Africa in terms of identifying the participants.
The results and findings of this study enabled the creation of a framework to be developed for survival as SMME during a pandemic. The study contributed to knowledge by expanding on the challenges experienced by the SMMEs during the pandemic, the mentorship role and motivational factors that resulted in establishing the SMME, which personal skills, attributes and characteristics are required to survive a pandemic as well as which leadership styles are best to survive a pandemic. The views of success pre-Covid and post-Covid provided perspective on how entrepreneurs’ views were impacted. In addition, the Western Cape Government’s entrepreneurial ecosystem and whether this contributed to the SMME survival were investigated. The SMMEs’ actions and their advice assisted in reaching this study’s objectives. The framework developed contributed to how entrepreneurs should establish self-constructed support for the continuity of their SMME.
Hybrid entrepreneurship in South Africa: Additional income or transition into full-time entrepreneurship
Natasha Kapuya, Flip Schutte
Abstract
The study explored the emerging trend of hybrid entrepreneurship that has the potential to disrupt the small business landscape and boost economic productivity. However, little is known about the factors that drive or hinder the existence of this phenomenon. To address this knowledge gap, a study investigated the factors motivating entry into hybrid entrepreneurship and their influence on an individual’s business choice. The research utilised a qualitative approach, specifically one-on-one interviews, to gain a detailed understanding of the experiences of hybrid entrepreneurs. Data were collected from a group of 12 participants. The study revealed that while some individuals were forced to start their businesses due to unfavourable circumstances, most were motivated to pursue hybrid entrepreneurship by intrinsic factors that drew them towards the business opportunity. This research thus identified push and pull motivating factors for hybrid entrepreneurs.
Internationalisation strategies for South African companies: A focus on innovation
Xolani Excellent Sifundza
Abstract
The study examines the relationship between internationalisation and innovation in South African companies, emphasizing the distinct obstacles and possibilities they encounter. The research is driven by the necessity to comprehend how these organizations utilize innovation to augment their global competitiveness. The study employs a thorough analysis of secondary data, such as scholarly articles, industry publications, and yearly business reports, to identify crucial methods and characteristics that contribute to success. The primary discoveries indicate that companies such as Sasol and MTN attain noteworthy global achievements by means of technology advancements and strategic collaborations. This research enhances the subject by offering a detailed comprehension of how South African companies may include innovation into their strategy for expanding internationally. This enables them to overcome hurdles specific to each market and maintain a competitive advantage.
Exploring some Manageable Factors Influencing the Availability of Train Authorisation Systems in South Africa
Ronnie Lotriet, Graham Hauman
Abstract
The performance of the railway industry significantly influences the performance and growth of a country’s economy. Recent performance reports from both the freight and passenger rail industries indicate that there has been a steady decline in the performance of the South African railway industry. The railway industry’s performance and capacity depend on various departments, including the Train Authorisation Systems or signalling department. The research focuses on investigating the factors that improve the availability of train authorisation systems (TAS) in South Africa. The literature emphasised the deterioration in the performance of the railway network in South Africa. Some of these performance issues can be attributed to the unavailability of the TAS equipment. The review also detailed the complex nature of the railway and TAS equipment and the specialised knowledge and skill required to maintain the systems. The empirical investigation concluded that the factors identified as contributors to the unavailability of the TAS are within the control of industry management. Then, practical and implementable recommendations were made to address the challenges identified. The results obtained through the execution of the empirical investigation confidently state that the railway industry does not contribute to the development and growth of the economy to the necessary and expected extent. In addition, it can also be concluded that the unavailability of the TAS equipment is contributing to this poor performance. However, there are practically implementable steps that management can take to address this unavailability of TAS.
ORGANISATIONAL MEASUREMENT EVOLUTION THAT WILL DRIVE CUSTOMER, EMPLOYEE AND PROCESS SUCCESS
Armandt Rheeders, Wafeequa Dinath, Cornelius Niemand
Abstract
This research was conducted within a large media entertainment broadcasting organisation based on the conceptual work of Ian Golding in his book, Customer What? The study aimed to understand the interrelationship that exists between three metrics: the voice of the customer, the voice of the employee and business process performance that deliver customer success. As the research took the approach of the practitioner researcher – the authors were directly involved in understanding the Customer Experience measurement profession within the organisation where research was conducted and could combine otherwise siloed measurements in the organisation and address the industry gap based on the research conducted in the literature review. The research not only tested the interrelationship but also combined the split Information Experiences and combined it into a newly created combination dashboard that was showcased to key decision makers in the organisation to test success of the newly created Information Experience. Thus, the outcome of the research is that the newly created best practice of Information Experience creates a newly centralised space for all business units to interact with key levers of Customer Experience success that showcase a proven positive outcome on one another between employee happiness and customer satisfaction and employee happiness and the ability to provide first engagement resolution when interacting with customers.
Exploring performance measurements: The case of Soweto Beauty Salons
Dorah Queen Sekhosana, Sugandren Naidoo
Abstract
Beauty salons are not just places where individuals seek personal grooming and self-care, but are hubs of creativity, self-expression, and relaxation. As such, their performance is determined not only by financial metrics but also by the ability to meet customer expectations, provide excellent service, and remain adaptable to evolving trends and customer preferences. This study delves into the intricacies of performance evaluation within the beauty salon sector to identify the key performance measurements that are instrumental in assessing and enhancing salon performance, as well as the strategies and best practices employed by successful beauty salon operators. Thus, it aims to contribute valuable insights to beauty salon owners, managers, and industry stakeholders. The study concluded that, in South Africa, to optimise their operational performance, beauty salons must have tailored performance measurements. A mixed methods approach was used to collect the data. The adoption of technology, such as digital platforms and systems, is highlighted as a key strategy, including the implementation of customer feedback systems, strengthening online presence and social media engagement, and utilizing technological solutions for appointment scheduling and management.
Analysis of a Hypothetical Model of Organisational Citizen Behaviour (OCB) in State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in the South African Transportation Sector
Dr Tandiswa Ngxukumeshe, Dr Candice Calvert, Prof Eileen Noxolo Mazibuko
Abstract
The South African transportation infrastructure enables the movement of people and commodities throughout the country and on international markets, and directly contributes to the country’s competitiveness in global markets. The main purpose of this study is to analyse a hypothetical model of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) in the transportation sector of South Africa. Promoting OCB anchors organisational performance and profitability, to sustain organisational longevity. Three hundred and eighteen respondents participated in this study. Data collection was done through online and physical distribution. A convenience sampling method was used. The hypothetical model of organisational citizenship behaviour was rooted in eight independent variables, OCB as an intervening variable, and two dependent variables. Findings revealed that respondents perceived OCB as two constructs. The first OCB construct comprised of four dimensions, namely, altruism, sportsmanship, individual initiative, courtesy, and self-development, and was termed OCB-selflessness (OCB-S) while the second OCB construct comprised of loyalty, civic virtue and individual initiative, and was termed OCB-reliability (OCB-R). These findings contributed to the South African Department of Transport as greater insight of OCB practices in government entities was brought to light and may be used worldwide as guidelines to assist in developing effective strategies for policy formulation and decision-making processes.
Entrepreneurial Innovation and Sustainability: An Integrative Review of Business Practices in The Informal Food and Sports Events Industries
Miss Amukelani Mathebula, Dr Senzo Ngcobo
Abstract
This study delves into the amalgamation of entrepreneurial innovation and sustainability within South Africa’s informal food and sports events industries. The primary objective is to formulate adoption strategies tailored to local businesses in South Africa. The research methodology employed a systematic literature review to pinpoint optimal practices and hindrances to embracing innovative and sustainable business practices. The study’s core findings underscore the significance of collaborative partnerships, community involvement and actionable strategies for SMEs and sports event organisers to attain sustainable growth and a competitive edge. It accentuates the pivotal role of technological innovation, environmental sustainability and social responsibility in propelling business success and broader socio-economic development objectives. The research contributes by shedding light on the interplay between innovative and sustainable business practices and their implications for emerging economies like South Africa. This study advocates for driving economic growth and socio-economic progress within the informal food and sports events industries by endorsing innovation and sustainability integration in business practices.
Examine ethical and social implications of emerging technologies in organisation general management – a review
Gibson Muridzi, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine and identify ethical and social challenges arising from the adoption and utilisation of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, automation, and big data analytics in organisational general management. The main objective of this study is to develop a framework for promoting ethical and social behaviour and responsible technology adoption in organisational management. Traditional literature review approach was therefore used for this study. A total of 58 articles were included in this review, and their findings were synthesized thematically. Major findings of this study were that privacy and security-related concerns to technologies are increasing with the widespread use of artificial intelligence. The contribution of this review is therefore to provide actionable insights which guides organisations seeking to navigate the complex landscape of emerging technologies while upholding ethical and socially responsible principles. Managerial practical implications of this study highlight the importance of corporate digital responsibility (CDR) practices which should be adopted by managers in managing organisations to address the ethical and social implications of emerging technologies
Exploring factors contributing to the successful management of selected public old age homes in the North West Province, South Africa
M.P Kgaboesele, Joseph Lekunze, Lungile Ntsizwane
Abstract
Aging is a global phenomenon and a public health concern as life expectancy rises. Public and private leaders continuously consider their responsibilities to society. Thus, non-profit organizations (NPOs) are becoming important community partners, helping solve long-term social issues. South African stakeholders are concerned about NPOs mismanaging donations and old-age funding and neglecting elderly people. Growing numbers of unregistered old-age homes, rising demand, and an aging population exacerbate views of NPOs mismanaging old-age homes. The purpose of this research was to identify and characterize the elements that contribute to the successful management of public old-age homes in the North West Province of South Africa. A qualitative multiple case study and interpretivism research paradigm were used to explore NPOs in three regions in the North West province. Atlas ti.9 was used to analyse data, create categories, and generate themes. The findings of this study revealed that these old age homes provide 24-hour care, food, laundry, room cleaning, social work, and nursing care. The governance style, leadership, planning, execution, quality management, and accountability are crucial to long-term care in these facilities. By mobilizing resources, managing stakeholders, and offering high-quality client-centered services to elders, the management team assures staff performance and service accessibility.
Safety Culture and Production Cost at a Selected Colliery in South Africa
Gauda Johannes Maseko, Mothemba Cecilia Mokoena
Abstract
Perilous features of underground mine activities have made the everyday monitoring and management of safety and emergent rescue responses very challenging and costly. Regrettably, for decades, the mining industry’s safety performance is of great concern, with both the number of fatalities and injuries increasing year on year. The study assesses safety culture by establishing commitment and adherence and attitude towards safety controls to establish the relationship between safety culture and production cost. A quantitative study determined safety culture at a colliery in the Free State province, South Africa and its influence on production cost. There was no correlation found between safety culture and production cost. A positive influence of safety control measures on production cost was established, indicating that the implementation thereof reduces safety-related costs. This is the first study that assessed safety culture and its relationship with production cost in South Africa. This study may assist mining companies to determine the gaps relating to safety culture enabling them to take corrective steps, which may lead to the reduction of safety-related costs. The study will also contribute towards the sustainable development goal number 8, decent work and economic growth.
Middle manager’s practices of driving and constraining the execution of the Integrated Development Plan in eThekwini metropolitan municipality in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Phumla Charmaine Mkhabela, MacDonald Kanyangale
Abstract
The critical challenge facing metropolitan municipalities in South Africa is not only the process of developing the Integrated Development Plans, but also the implementation of the chosen strategies to achieve strategic outcomes. There are increasing service delivery protests in municipalities as the public demands essential services. eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality has significant backlogs to deliver crucial services.
Middle managers of service units in a municipality are critical actors in implementing Integrated Development Plans. However, there is a shortage of scholarly research exploring various practices of middle managers within the municipal context. The objective of the study was to identify the critical practices engaged by middle managers of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in KwaZulu Natal in South Africa in their daily implementation of strategies. The findings reported are part of a more extensive study which used grounded theory, in which thirty-six middle managers were initially selected using purposive sampling and subsequently through theoretical sampling. This study found that middle managers facilitated and championed activities in a politicised environment where they constantly needed to manoeuvre to balance the varying interests of different stakeholders. The study has provided insights into the nature and variety of practices, which reveal how different stakeholders drive but also compromise the IDP as a strategy implemented in a politicised and misaligned way in a municipal context.
Middle managers of service units in a municipality are critical actors in implementing Integrated Development Plans. However, there is a shortage of scholarly research exploring various practices of middle managers within the municipal context. The objective of the study was to identify the critical practices engaged by middle managers of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in KwaZulu Natal in South Africa in their daily implementation of strategies. The findings reported are part of a more extensive study which used grounded theory, in which thirty-six middle managers were initially selected using purposive sampling and subsequently through theoretical sampling. This study found that middle managers facilitated and championed activities in a politicised environment where they constantly needed to manoeuvre to balance the varying interests of different stakeholders. The study has provided insights into the nature and variety of practices, which reveal how different stakeholders drive but also compromise the IDP as a strategy implemented in a politicised and misaligned way in a municipal context.
Resilience-Driven Performance Optimisation: Strategies for Small and Medium Enterprises in the Manzini region, Eswatini
Julius Warren Kule and MacDonald Kanyangale
Abstract
Resilience is critical for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Eswatini to adapt and thrive in disruptions. However, the mechanisms through which resilience translates into performance optimisation in SMEs remain unknown. This quantitative study aimed to examine the interplay between resilience and performance optimisation in SMEs and understand how these enterprises leverage resilience for performance optimisation in Eswatini. Census sampling was used to identify a diverse sample of 206 SMEs in Manzini, Eswatini, while data from owner-managers were collected using a self-administered questionnaire.
The results show a significant positive relationship between detectability, coping,adaptation and performance optimisation in SMEs. These results are important as they provide insights to owners of SMEs in pursuit of resilience as a multi-dimensional and dynamic process that requires strategies not only before but also during and after adverse events. The study is pivotal as it reveals how to build resilient SMEs by integrating detectability, coping and adaptation strategies to optimise SME performance in disruptive conditions.
The results show a significant positive relationship between detectability, coping,adaptation and performance optimisation in SMEs. These results are important as they provide insights to owners of SMEs in pursuit of resilience as a multi-dimensional and dynamic process that requires strategies not only before but also during and after adverse events. The study is pivotal as it reveals how to build resilient SMEs by integrating detectability, coping and adaptation strategies to optimise SME performance in disruptive conditions.
Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Smart Factories in the Automotive Component Manufacturing Industry
Michael de Lange, Margaret Cullen, Andre Calitz, Sasha Boucher, Gordon Swans
Abstract
Manufacturers in South Africa, an emerging economy, are faced with an ever-increasing threat to remain relevant and competitive in the global market, which includes competition from international organisations, making the transition from traditional to smart manufacturing processes critical. A smart factory places a significant emphasis on human-machine collaboration, which on its own presents challenges as far as the acceptance of these technologies is concerned. The study aimed to identify the factors that positively influence the acceptance of digital technologies in the automotive components manufacturing industry. An empirical study was conducted with data collected through means of a questionnaire using a sample of 134 respondents working in an automotive component manufacturing factory in South Africa. The responses were statistically analysed, including exploratory factor analysis.
A conceptual model is presented using the Technology Acceptance Model as the theoretical basis of the study. The results suggested that management provides the necessary skills and training to ensure the adaptability of employees to a constantly changing work environment. In addition, investment into continuous learning and training programmes should be prioritised to promote a culture of digital trust, which will facilitate workplace interaction and collaboration between management, co-workers and machines.
A conceptual model is presented using the Technology Acceptance Model as the theoretical basis of the study. The results suggested that management provides the necessary skills and training to ensure the adaptability of employees to a constantly changing work environment. In addition, investment into continuous learning and training programmes should be prioritised to promote a culture of digital trust, which will facilitate workplace interaction and collaboration between management, co-workers and machines.
The Adoption of Telemedicine by Healthcare Practitioners in South Africa
Margaret Cullen, Andre P. Calitz, Sasha Boucher, Prashna Buddan
Abstract
Telemedicine plays an important role in patient-centred healthcare in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and in the development of treatment plans. It includes both provider-to-provider and provider-to-patient communication, which can be synchronous (telephone and video) or asynchronous (messaging, electronic consultations). The COVID-19 pandemic sparked interest and awareness of telemedicine, however there is a need to explore the adoption of telemedicine in the context of South Africa. The aim of this study was to examine the adoption of telemedicine by South African healthcare practitioners using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. A positivistic approach using quantitative methods of analysis was adopted. The target population was registered healthcare practitioners practicing in South Africa. Ninety-six healthcare practitioners participated and the study established that the independent factors of Performance Expectancy, Facilitating Conditions, Social Media Technology and Attitude all have a significant positive relationship with the dependent factor Behavioural Intention to adopt telemedicine. Finally, regarding Gender and Behavioural Intention, the results show a statistical and a practical significant difference that a higher number of males rated the Behavioural Intention more positively than females. The demographic variable Gender was found to have a significant influence on the dependent factor, Behavioural Intention. The theoretical contribution of the study is the extension of the UTAUT model for telemedicine adoption.
Emerging evidence on antecedents and outcomes of counterfeit sportswear product purchases
Selina Mahlangu, Irvine Langton, Chengedzai Mafini
Abstract
An array of counterfeit goods has been sold in the last two decades which has precipitated this market to become the fastest-growing illicit economies in developed and developing economies. Counterfeiting is propelled by the availability, affordability and close approximations of the genuine versions. The study examines the influence of materialism, hedonic consumption motive, utilitarian consumption motive, personal gratification and novelty-seeking on university students’ attitudes to purchase counterfeit sportswear products at a selected Higher Education Institution. A structured questionnaire solicited data through a convenient sample of 327 respondents selected from registered students at an institution in the 2020 academic year. Descriptive statistics, correlations and regression analysis were used to evaluate relationships between constructs. Two predictor variables, namely, utilitarian motive and novelty-seeking showed significant predictive relationships towards attitudes in counterfeit sportswear purchases among students. Attitudes towards counterfeits also emerged as a significant predictor of students’ willingness towards counterfeit sportswear purchases. Brand marketers should emphasise the utility value inherent in the purchase of authentic branded products in their marketing campaigns as opposed to buying counterfeits. It is critical for marketers of branded products to promote the contrast of originals and counterfeits to underline the quality and dependability of authentic products in the marketplace.
Conceptualisation of African business leadership and its effectiveness:Integrating outcomes from four sequential studies
Matete Lerutla, Renier Steyn
Abstract
Background: Despite the growing interest in understanding leadership within the African context, the concept remains inadequately defined and Western discourse continues to dominate the global leadership narrative.
Purpose and motivation: This article aims to provide a comprehensive conceptualisation of African business leadership and its effectiveness, and to offer a nuanced understanding of indigenous leadership qualities.
Methodology: Grounded in social constructionist and interpretivist paradigms, this paper synthesizes findings from four sequentially conducted studies. A narrative analysis of these studies was used to integrate their outcomes.
Findings: The integrated studies reveal a multidimensional and unique blend of traits that make up African leadership. Positive attributes like humanity, hope, and entrepreneurship coexist with challenges such as developmental needs and corruption issues. Despite these challenges, the effectiveness of African leadership remains comparable to that of Western approaches.
Discussion: Integrating different studies provided a nuanced understanding of African business leadership, embedded in both quantitative results and qualitative findings. Western and African leadership styles coexist and are equally effective within the African context.
Contribution: The integration of studies allowed for a balanced understanding of cultural heritage in the conceptualisation of leadership. African business leadership, even though it does not mirror Western ideals, is effective within its context
Exploring How African Immigrant Entrepreneurs Acquired Skills That Prepared Them for Entrepreneurship in Host Countries: A South African Case Study
Bernard Lama Ngota, Elroy Eugene Smith, Ayanda Pamella Deliwe
Abstract
The importance of African immigrant entrepreneurial skills acquisition is understudied both globally and in South Africa. Hence, the current study aimed at investigating how African immigrant entrepreneurs learned entrepreneurial skills that prepare them for entrepreneurship in their host country, such as South Africa, using a qualitative research approach. An exploratory research design was used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 African immigrant entrepreneurs who were specifically chosen to take part in the study. Content analysis was used to analyse the collected data. Entrepreneurial skills from family business, entrepreneurial knowledge from traineeship/apprenticeship, entrepreneurial knowledge from school, and entrepreneurial skills from business space emerged as four broad sub-themes. Aside from the themes that emerged, the demographic information of the African immigrant entrepreneur was also examined. The findings revealed that African immigrant entrepreneurs acquired entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and experience from family business, from apprenticeship, from school, and learning directly from the business environment. Based on the empirical findings, recommendations were made to help make African immigrant entrepreneurship more appealing, as this could benefit indigenous people through skill transfer.
Management and its components: A contemporary view
Shelley Cook, Renier Steyn
Abstract
The evolving nature of management requires continuous reassessment to stay aligned with shifting paradigms. This study aims to provide a modern and comprehensive definition of management by consolidating associated tasks. Using a qualitative analysis of textbooks on general management published post-2015, the research focused on the structure of content pages and introductory explanations of management processes. Themes, both major and minor, were identified and thematically organized. Management emerged as a robust concept encompassing multifaceted roles of an authoritative individual skilled in identifying goals, collaborating, optimizing resources, and leading teams in line with organizational objectives. Key managerial functions highlighted in the contemporary literature still include planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, and controlling. Furthermore, ten broad management tasks were delineated: self-awareness, stress management, creative problem-solving, supportive communication, gaining power, motivation, conflict management, empowerment, team building, and leading change. These tasks represent the core responsibilities of a manager. Despite complexities, literature on general management shows a coherent understanding of the concept with closely aligned activities, indicating a mature field with well-established foundational principles. Remarkably, the foundational knowledge structure has remained stable despite changes following COVID-19 and advancements in artificial intelligence, underscoring the resilience and enduring relevance of general management concepts.
The impact of companies in the natural resources and mining industry on the environment
Miss Nadine Jansen van Vuuren, Mr Mayur Jayeshkumar Rathod, Prof Geoff Goldman, Dr Maria Bounds
Abstract
The measures within the corporate social responsibility concept emphasise the sustainability of the environment and communities. Sustainability includes the environmental protection that businesses should abide by which refers to the common well-being of humans and other elements present in nature where human activities affect ecosystems along with preventing unintentional changes in ecosystems and their components.
This study aims to understand moral judgment applied in companies’ strategic decision-making, especially where these decisions impact the natural environment. The study employs an interpretivism ontology. It utilises qualitative measurements to support interpretivist perspectives. Qualitative measures consist of using non-concrete information that comprise written, in action or in visual images.
Strategic business decisions in the natural resource and mining industry pose a negative impact. The findings revealed that the moral intent of companies was more profit-driven than focused on the impact of decisions on the environment. The recommendations could be beneficial for companies in this industry because it would reduce their negative impact whist realising their best potential.
This study aims to understand moral judgment applied in companies’ strategic decision-making, especially where these decisions impact the natural environment. The study employs an interpretivism ontology. It utilises qualitative measurements to support interpretivist perspectives. Qualitative measures consist of using non-concrete information that comprise written, in action or in visual images.
Strategic business decisions in the natural resource and mining industry pose a negative impact. The findings revealed that the moral intent of companies was more profit-driven than focused on the impact of decisions on the environment. The recommendations could be beneficial for companies in this industry because it would reduce their negative impact whist realising their best potential.
The Ascendancy of Innovativeness on Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in South Africa
Mofokeng Simon Abram and Chinomona Elizabeth
Abstract
The study was aimed at examining the relationships among infrastructure development, employee training and resource mobilisation in manufacturing Small and Medium enterprises (SMEs) innovativeness in South Africa based in Gauteng province. The main goal was to evaluate the relationship among the four variables which are infrastructure development, employee training, resource mobilisation and SMEs innovativeness. Innovativeness has become of greater importance in SMEs in Gauteng province due to intenisive employee training, resource mobilisation and infrastructure development. A quantitative research methodology was employed with the help of a questionnaire to collect data from 200 SME managers and staff members in manufacturing SMEs in Gauteng province of South Africa. The questionnaires were distributed either through email or hand delivery. A probability sampling technique, which is simple random sampling, was used in the selection of the study sample. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 28.0) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS 28.0) were used for the analysis of the collected data. The main goal was to evaluate the relationship among the four variables, infrastructure development, employee training, resource mobilisation and SME innovativeness. The results from the study show that there is a positive and significant relationship among the four variables in manufacturing SMEs in Gauteng province. The study recommends that the government, through the SMEs development department, review its approach to SMEs so that they can have adequate resources to enhance their business operations.
Role of Technological Innovation in Transforming Service Delivery in South African Local Government: A Systematic Literature Review
Donald Radingoana, Anup Pradhan
Abstract
The focus of this study was on exploring the potential ways in which local government can leverage technological innovation to address service delivery challenges. The study adopted a literature review approach. The study uncovered an array of opportunities for transforming local government service delivery capacity and efficiency through emerging technologies such as AI, ML, big data analytics, and Blockchain. By integrating these technologies into their systems and processes, municipalities can go a long way in improving citizens engagement, decision-making, public participation, and procurement processes. However, despite the increasing realisation that digital technologies are capable of changing the face of service delivery, the adoption and implementation of such technologies is impeded by a number of barriers such as lack of financial sustainability, rising corruption, human resource challenges, the skills gap, poor leadership, bureaucratic organisational structure, and a rigid regulatory environment. The insights obtained from this paper provide municipal management and other stakeholders with innovative strategies for dealing with some of the challenges hampering effective service delivery and revenue collection. Furthermore, policy makers who are battling to come up with the best policies that can successfully lead to improved service delivery by local government will gain some insights from the findings and recommendations of this study.
Solutions to procurement challenges for the bus industry in South Africa: A cross-case analysis
Thobeka Khanyisile Tricia Ngcamphalala
Abstract
Procurement spending can be up to 65% of the public sector’s budget. This emphasises the importance of procurement. Therefore, if the procurement department is not functional, the whole organisation and/or government may collapse. In the public sector, procurement is viewed as a necessary strategic development tool for promoting good governance and embedding the most effective and efficient use of public resources, resulting in improved service delivery. In South Africa, bus commuters are dissatisfied with the rendered bus services, which is a repercussion of how these services are procured, leading to old contracts, unserved routes, late coming of buses, and the use of vehicles that are unroadworthy buses. This paper seeks to highlight the key procurement challenges and the fundamental changes to be considered to better procure these services in South Africa. To achieve this, it adopts a qualitative multi-case design strategy. Twenty-two interviews were conducted across three cases, consisting of government officials (Case 1), bus operators (Case 2) and industry experts (Case 3) to solicit their views on how these services can be procured. Atlas.ti was used to analyse the data. The findings resulted in a model that summaries what the key stakeholders need to look out for when procuring the bus services in South Africa.
A study of road users’ perspective on problems contributing to road traffic congestion in Midrand, Gauteng.
Mosebudi S Netshisaulu, Marcus I Ambe
Abstract
This paper investigates the specific problems contributing to road traffic congestion in Midrand, Gauteng. Traffic congestion in South Africa presents significant challenges, particularly on Allandale Road (M39), disrupting economic activities in the area. The study employed a quantitative research design, utilising a survey conducted among drivers of light and heavy vehicles. An online structured questionnaire was administered to 276 road users to gather data. The findings indicate that increased vehicle ownership, population growth, new developments, roadworks and mismanagement of the traffic system are key contributors to congestion. The paper concludes with recommendations for effective traffic management strategies to alleviate congestion on Allandale Road.
The Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Optimizing Food Supply Chain Management: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications
Watson Munyanyi, David Pooe
Abstract
The advent of the fourth industrial revolution has seen an increased integration of artificial intelligence in the management of food supply chains, representing a transformative opportunity to enhance efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability. Over the years, food supply chain has suffered from a myriad of challenges related to lack of transparency and sustainability. This study is an examination of the extent of the application of artificial intelligence within food supply chains, identifying key opportunities, challenges, and implications. The study employs a systematic literature review to synthesise findings from peer-reviewed journals, highlighting how disruptive technologies like machine learning, predictive analytics, and autonomous systems are being leveraged to optimize various stages of the food supply chain, from production and processing to distribution and retail. Key opportunities identified include improved demand forecasting, enhanced inventory management, and increased transparency and traceability. However, the review also uncovers significant challenges, including technological integration, data privacy concerns, and the need for substantial investment in infrastructure and skills development. This study offers valuable insights into how emerging technologies can be harnessed to enhance the efficiency and resilience of food supply chains, thereby advancing the discourse on AI’s role in modern supply chain management.
Green Innovations in Last Mile Delivery for E-Commerce: A Bibliometric Review
Eric Mogire, Peter Kilbourn, Rose Luke
Abstract
As electronic commerce (e-commerce) continues to grow, last mile delivery is expected to evolve in accordance with customer demands, societal changes, competitive forces, and technological developments. Thus, e-commerce firms have adopted green innovations to meet these expectations. However, the existing literature has failed to shed light on studies and emerging trends on green innovations in last mile delivery for e-commerce. This study attempted to map out past, current, and future research trends on green innovations in last mile delivery for e-commerce research. A bibliometric review of 564 publications from the Scopus database was utilised to address this gap. Findings revealed that research interest in the topic started in 2003. Most of the current research evaluated different green innovations on six factors: customer experience, optimisation, competitiveness, green technologies, efficiency, and sustainability. Future researchers and practitioners are expected to evaluate green innovations using a multicriteria approach. For instance, the adoption of drones in last mile delivery will be evaluated on customers’ willingness to pay and the available algorithms in the market.
The role of team cohesion in the production performance of a chemicals manufacturing company
Mr FE van Wyk, Dr JA Jordaan, Mr SI van Zyl
Abstract
In this study team cohesion of various teams in a large chemical manufacturing company is measured by utilising an adapted questionnaire for work teams based on the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) as developed by Carron et al. (1985). The performance of teams is measured by utilising a team’s ability to adhere to the company’s production schedule over a year period. An exploratory factor analysis is conducted on the questionnaire data and four constructs were extracted. Hierarchical linear modelling is utilised to analyse the correlations that exists within the gathered data and no significant statistical relationships were identified between cohesion, its constructs and team performance, years worked in current team, total work experience and age. The adapted GEQ for work teams utilised in this study was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable measuring instrument for the company.
Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain Optimisation: A Bibliometric Analysis, Insights and Future Directions
Professor David Pooe, Dr Shallone Munongo
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping supply chain management, offering transformative capabilities for optimisation, efficiency, and decision-making. The study analysed the use of AI applications in supply chain optimisation (SCO) through a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Using data from the Web of Science database from 1995-2024, a total of 794 documents were selected to map this field’s intellectual structure and research frontiers. Findings revealed a rapid growth in scholarly interest, with significant interdisciplinary collaborations. Dominant themes include AI-driven demand forecasting, inventory management, logistics optimisation, and risk management. Machine learning algorithms, neural networks, and predictive analytics emerged as key AI methodologies, highlighting their critical role in enhancing supply chain optimisation. Geographically, North America, Europe, and Asia lead in research output, while emerging economies show increasing interest. Citation analysis revealed seminal works and influential authors, offering guidance for future research. However, research gaps and challenges persist, including the need for more empirical studies, integration of AI with big data, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT), and addressing ethical concerns related to AI deployment in supply chains. The study provides valuable insights, emphasises the transformative potential of AI in supply chain optimisation.
Critical Factors for the Adoption of Competitive Intelligence by Small and Medium-Size Enterprises for Business Sustainability
Murembiwa Justice Mashau, Tshilidzi Eric Nenzhelele, Ntsieni Fitzgerald Ramasimu
Abstract
The field of competitive intelligence (CI) is expanding as businesses seek to strengthen their competitive advantage in a global society. As this field expands, so will the research and academic literature on this field. While CI-specific techniques may be limited, methods from other popular and related fields, such as urban regions, have been utilized to explain or guide some of the most popular CI activities using the CI cycle. Small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) face increasing challenges in efficiently managing resource restrictions, technology impediments, organizational culture, and external support mechanisms that influence the adoption of CI initiatives. This study aimed to identify critical factors that could assist SMEs in adopting CI for business sustainability. The systematic literature review process was used to give an in-depth summary of corroborated research related to the research objective, and to synthesize factors that are critical to examining SMEs’ adoption of CI for business sustainability. A theme strategy was employed to do this research, which included the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) model and thematic analysis. This study contributed by identifying and synthesizing critical factors to consider when SMEs adopt CI to become sustainable and competitive businesses.
Implications of Mobile-Based Crowd Logistics on the Environment in South Africa
Phumlani Masilela, Marcia Mkansi, John Michael Maxel Okoche
Abstract
Academic literature argues that crowdsourcing is critical for supply chain coordination problems linked to people, profitability, and environmental management. However, the extent to which crowdsourcing mobile applications impact on the environment has not been explored. Using SimaPro v.9.1 we compared the implications of Uber with those of Metered vehicles. This was critical in assessing the impact of crowdsourcing on traditional transport. Our study found that crowdsourcing applications lead to reduced fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Both in practice and theory, crowdsourcing consistently enhances livelihoods, increases profits, and promotes environmental sustainability.
Industry 5.0 Integration in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) for Supply Chain Strategic Fit: A Systematic Literature Review
Dr. Blessing Takawira, Professor David Pooe
Abstract
This systematic literature review investigates the integration of Industry 5.0 technologies within SMEs to achieve strategic fit in supply chain management. Industry 5.0 represents a pivotal evolution in industrial practices, emphasising the synergistic integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things with human ingenuity to enhance operational efficiency and sustainability in manufacturing and supply chains. This study aims to explore how SMEs can leverage these technologies to improve their competitiveness and supply chain agility in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. Employing the PRISMA approach, this review meticulously analysed peer-reviewed articles from 2013 to 2023. The thematic analysis, facilitated by Atlas-ti, highlighted several key findings: Industry 5.0 technologies significantly enhance operational flexibility, supply chain resilience, and sustainability practices within SMEs. However, SMEs face considerable challenges in technology adoption due to resource constraints, lack of expertise, and the high costs associated with digital transformation. The study contributes to the academic literature by mapping the current state of Industry 5.0 integration within SMEs and identifying critical gaps that future research must address. It underscores the need for developing scalable models that facilitate technology adoption among SMEs and suggests a greater role for governmental support in easing the transition towards advanced digital technologies.
Emerging Technologies in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chains: A Systematic Review of Industry 5.0 Challenges
Dr Blessing Takawira, Prof. David Pooe, Dr Alexander Samuels
Abstract
The pharmaceutical supply chain faces critical challenges in cybersecurity, interoperability, and sustainability as it integrates emerging Industry 5.0 technologies. These challenges include safeguarding sensitive data, ensuring seamless communication between diverse technological platforms, and maintaining environmental responsibility while improving operational efficiency. Despite the potential of technologies such as blockchain, IoT, AI, and big data analytics to revolutionise supply chain operations, their specific roles and integration challenges in the pharmaceutical sector remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, this study conducts a systematic review of current research on the integration of emerging technologies in the pharmaceutical supply chain within the context of Industry 5.0. Employing the PRISMA method, we systematically aggregate and analyse relevant literature through thematic analysis facilitated by Atlas-ti. This rigorous approach ensures a comprehensive examination of significant trends and gaps in the field. Our findings highlight substantial opportunities for blockchain to enhance supply chain cybersecurity, although explicit applications within pharmaceuticals remain underexplored. Interoperability emerges as a pivotal challenge, with a noted absence of standardised practices to ensure seamless integration of diverse technological platforms. Additionally, while Industry 5.0 technologies are well-regarded for their potential to boost sustainability, concrete implementations and their impacts are less documented. This review contributes both practically and theoretically to the pharmaceutical supply chain discourse. Practically, it provides a roadmap for integrating these technologies to enhance operational and environmental performance. Theoretically, it underscores the need for further empirical research to refine integration strategies and expand upon the theoretical frameworks that underpin Industry 5.0 technologies within the pharmaceutical sector.
The Influence of Supply Chain Relationship Quality and Cooperative Strategy on Supply Chain Quality Performance in the South African Clothing Retail Industry
Ms. Ramokone Maria Mashitja
Abstract
South African clothing retail firms are facing challenges such as higher wages and lower demand, which have a detrimental impact on the economy by slowly decreasing employment opportunities. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate how the factors of supply chain relationship quality and cooperative strategy impact supply chain quality performance within the clothing retail firms in South Africa. Additionally, the study aims to evaluate the effects of supply chain relationship quality on quality performance within successful supply chains of clothing retail firms. In this study, a quantitative research approach was utilised because it assists in simplifying the data used. This method also extends the thoughts of the researcher about the research area investigated. This study, therefore, used a non-probability sampling technique as this method does not make use of any randomised procedure to draw up samples. A controlled survey questionnaire was developed and administered to 300 randomly selected clothing retail store owners and managers who were knowledgeable about supply chain management. This study concluded that communication, trust, cooperation, commitment, adaptation and interdependence are vital elements in influencing supply chain quality performance in clothing retail firms. However, it is crucial to investigate strategic means to understand how these relationships can be improved.
Operational Performance Factors Influencing Implementation of the Environmental Sustainability Targets in a South African Telecommunications Company
Lesogo Regina Moalusi, Sugandren Naidoo
Abstract
The world is on a drive for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. Lack of implementation of the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) targets presents environmental, reputational, and financial risks for companies where sustainability is increasingly important.
The aim of this research is to identify the factors that influence the effective implementation of environmental targets in the telecommunications sector in South Africa. The research aims to bridge the gap between intent and implementation, providing insights and recommendations to help companies in the sector achieve their environmental goals while balancing technological growth and sustainable development. The study was conducted using a qualitative methodology where semi-structured interviews were held with the participants.
The results and findings of the study presented; improvements on employee engagements, ownership, collaboration, alternative energy investments, lowering greenhouse emissions, investment in research and development, and prioritising environmental sustainability goals in the company strategy as some of the key components to implemented.
The aim of this research is to identify the factors that influence the effective implementation of environmental targets in the telecommunications sector in South Africa. The research aims to bridge the gap between intent and implementation, providing insights and recommendations to help companies in the sector achieve their environmental goals while balancing technological growth and sustainable development. The study was conducted using a qualitative methodology where semi-structured interviews were held with the participants.
The results and findings of the study presented; improvements on employee engagements, ownership, collaboration, alternative energy investments, lowering greenhouse emissions, investment in research and development, and prioritising environmental sustainability goals in the company strategy as some of the key components to implemented.
Optimising Last-Mile Logistics: A Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Transportation Visibility on Distribution Efficiency
Alexander Samuels, Blessing Takawira
Abstract
This study systematically reviews the literature on the impact of transportation visibility on last-mile logistics efficiency, using the PRISMA framework for structured analysis. The last-mile distribution, a critical phase in supply chain management, faces challenges such as resource limitations, infrastructure flaws, and environmental concerns. With the rise of e-commerce and omni-channel retailing, optimising last-mile logistics has become paramount for ensuring product availability and accessibility. Our review reveals that transportation visibility plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by enabling real-time tracking, route optimisation, and enhanced coordination among stakeholders. Technological innovations, particularly in Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain, emerge as key enablers of transportation visibility, offering solutions for predictive analytics and transparent transactions. The study highlights the need for a holistic approach that integrates technology, collaboration, and sustainability to improve last-mile logistics efficiency. The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners and researchers aiming to develop resilient, efficient, and sustainable last-mile distribution systems.
Developing a framework for ethical leadership in SMEs in Zimbabwe
Regis Misheal Muchowe, MacDonald Isaac Kanyangale
Abstract
The problem of corrupt and unethical practices in SMEs in Zimbabwe has increased calls for ethical leadership practices. In Zimbabwe, we know much about ethical leadership in various contexts and large organizations while there is a lack of ethical leadership research focusing on the SME environment. This qualitative study aimed to develop an ethical leadership framework for Zimbabwe’s SME context based on the viewpoint of employees and leaders. Purposive sampling was used to identify 15 employees and leaders in five SMEs in the manufacturing sector in Harare, Zimbabwe. Data were collected using interviews to understand the critical characteristics, styles and consequences of ethical leadership in SMEs. Thematic analysis was used to analyze interview data.
Results reveal that the five critical characteristics that constitute ethical leadership for SMEs in Zimbabwe are incorruptible, fair, exemplary, respectful, and sustainable. The study found that the main styles of leadership used by ethical leadership in SMEs in Zimbabwe are authentic leadership and servant leadership.
The consequences of ethical leadership in SMEs in Zimbabwe include its benefits to the leadership, followers, and organization. The study has proposed an ethical leadership framework for adoption by SMEs in Zimbabwe if they are to survive and succeed in a competitive environment.
Results reveal that the five critical characteristics that constitute ethical leadership for SMEs in Zimbabwe are incorruptible, fair, exemplary, respectful, and sustainable. The study found that the main styles of leadership used by ethical leadership in SMEs in Zimbabwe are authentic leadership and servant leadership.
The consequences of ethical leadership in SMEs in Zimbabwe include its benefits to the leadership, followers, and organization. The study has proposed an ethical leadership framework for adoption by SMEs in Zimbabwe if they are to survive and succeed in a competitive environment.
Transformational leadership and affective commitment in the South African Mining Industry: The mediating role of organisation climate
MJ Ntsane, Ntseliseng Khumalo, Lungile Ntsizwane, William Makumbe
Abstract
The changing dynamics in contemporary organizations have prompted many companies to re-design their organizational environment, strategies, leadership style and policies to accommodate these changes. The need for inspired leadership is now more evident in this dynamic context, and it has prompted various stakeholders to increasingly expect leadership to provide solutions to organizational problems. This study aimed to determine the mediating role of organizational climate in the relationship between transformational leadership and affective commitment in selected platinum mining companies in South Africa. The study utilized Structural Equation Modelling analysis (SEM) to test for direct and indirect effects using IBM-SPSS-Amos™ 28. The study was underpinned by social exchange theory and the positivist paradigm served as the foundation for the study following a quantitative research method. The data was collected from a sample of 214 employees from the mining industry using a convenience sampling strategy. The findings indicate that transformational leadership and organizational climate positively influence affective commitment. his study recommends that mine managers must create supportive climates and adopt transformational leadership styles for the sustainability of their businesses.
Leaders’ Perspectives on Effective Leadership
Juliet Townes
Abstract
Purpose of the study: There are numerous definitions and theories of leadership. This study explores the phenomenon through the lens of multiple leaders. The study asked participants what qualities and characteristics they admired in leaders and which led them to commit to following these leaders.
Design/methodology/approach: A positivistic quantitative research approach was employed with a convenience sample of 62 leaders working at an automotive plant. Written handouts were completed by seven leadership groups, ranging from senior management to high-potential leadership individuals.
Findings: Followers are seeking an authentic type of leadership. Followers admire leaders who practice their values consistently and are confident and sufficiently self-aware to lead with their heads and hearts. These individuals know who they are and are committed to developing long-term, meaningful relationships with their subordinates. Mobilising the capacity of their team is foremost in these leaders’ minds as they focus on empowerment and collaborative solutions.
Recommendations/value: Leadership is a life-long journey of reflection on practice, and the results of this study confirmed the complexity of the relationship between follower and leader. To uncover the potential within this leader-follower relationship, leaders need to understand the desires and expectations of their followers and act in ways that are congruent to the followers’ image of an effective leader.
Servant leadership in the South African public sector-Challenges and possibilities in a VUCA world: A Systematic review
Hazvineyi A. Saurombe and Talkmore K. Saurombe
Abstract
In an era when corporate scandals perpetrated by public sector organizational leaders have become increasingly rife, the 21st century has witnessed a sudden and growing interest in more moral and ethical leadership approaches. Increased attention has been directed at, and value placed on an approach termed ‘servant leadership-a form of leadership that captures the dimensions of personal integrity and social responsibility. Amidst the Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity, (VUCA), Servant leadership offers a radically different way of leading that nurtures healthy organizational relationships. Challenges precipitated by VUCA require that public service servant leadership practitioners be able to balance stakeholder demands for accountability. The study aims to critically reflect on the potentialities for the application of servant leadership to leadership in SA public sector organisations. This research uses a three-pronged theoretical approach: (Greenfield’s Theory of Servant Leadership (1970); Blau’s (1964) Social Exchange Theory and Bandura’s (1977) Social Learning Theory).
A qualitative research methodology was employed; appropriate ethical considerations for the collection, analysis and reporting of secondary data were followed. The data were subjected to thematic analysis. The research concluded that for public service leadership to be prepared to lead effectively, there is need for the cultivation of a Servant leadership mindset.
A qualitative research methodology was employed; appropriate ethical considerations for the collection, analysis and reporting of secondary data were followed. The data were subjected to thematic analysis. The research concluded that for public service leadership to be prepared to lead effectively, there is need for the cultivation of a Servant leadership mindset.
Demystifying The Moderating Role of Reciprocity Ideology on the Nexus Between Authentic Leadership Style and Organizational Productivity
Banji Rildwan Olaleye , Tebello Hilda Msimanga , Ntseliseng Khumalo
Abstract
Organizational productivity has recently attracted a significant amount of attention from researchers and practitioners, most especially considering the input invested by leaders in both the manufacturing and service sectors. This study investigates the structural relationship between authentic leadership and organizational productivity and explores the moderating role of reciprocity ideology. Three hundred and seventeen (317) respondents were conveniently and purposively selected from existing construction firms in the south-west region of Nigeria and analyzed the obtained data using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that authentic leadership and reciprocity ideology have a positive and significant effect on organizational productivity. Furthermore, the reciprocity ideology revealed an insignificant moderating role at the nexus between authentic leadership style and organizational productivity. Using concepts from social exchange theory and self-determination theory, this study posits that an authentic leader can significantly influence employee productivity and help them grow professionally. In particular, the authentic leadership traits enhance and supplement the employee’s essential skills for optimal performance. However, researchers suggest policy implications to enhance decision performance, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the ideology of reciprocity in existing communal relations.
The nexus between Level 5 Leadership, Employee Innovation and Employee Voice
Mayur Mahabeer, Theuns Pelser
Abstract
Employee innovation plays a vital role in enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing organisations in South Africa, within the challenges of a turbulent global business landscape. It is essential to identify the factors influencing employee innovation. This study, guided by social exchange theory, examines two perspectives. Firstly, it seeks to analyse the direct relationship between level 5 leadership and employee innovation. Secondly, it aims to investigate whether employee voice acts as a mediating path through which level 5 leadership influences employee innovation. Survey data based on an online questionnaire was collected from 177 employees in the South African manufacturing industry. The proposed hypotheses were assessed by applying partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings verify that level 5 leadership positively influences employee innovation. Furthermore, the authors argue that employee voice mediates this relationship. The relationship between level 5 leadership and employee innovation and the position of employee voice in mediating this link has not been studied until now. By adopting leadership behaviour based on personal humility and professional will and facilitating an environment that promotes employee voice, management and human resource practitioners can enhance employee innovation and, in turn, organisational innovation and success in the South African manufacturing industry.
Leadership as a strategic driver for higher education institutions today: A South African perspective
Dirk Rossouw, Geoff Andrew Goldman
Abstract
Organisations are experiencing immense changes due to numerous challenges posed by the global environment, and higher education institutions (HEIs) are no exception. Some of these dynamics are more prominent than others as they alter the industry landscape, or in this case, the higher education sector landscape. These prominent dynamics or influences, due to their strategic nature, are referred to as strategic drivers.
The purpose of this study was to explore and obtain more clarity on the influence of leadership as a strategic driver for South Africa HEIs. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 17 senior management staff members from public and private HEIs. The data from the interviews were analysed with the assistance of Atlas.ti. From the themes that emerged, leadership as an internal strategic driver was confirmed.
Leadership is crucial to HEIs in South Africa, and within the neoliberal economy, HEI leaders will have to remain well-grounded academics with good management skills – not only effective managers without a good academic background.
The purpose of this study was to explore and obtain more clarity on the influence of leadership as a strategic driver for South Africa HEIs. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted among 17 senior management staff members from public and private HEIs. The data from the interviews were analysed with the assistance of Atlas.ti. From the themes that emerged, leadership as an internal strategic driver was confirmed.
Leadership is crucial to HEIs in South Africa, and within the neoliberal economy, HEI leaders will have to remain well-grounded academics with good management skills – not only effective managers without a good academic background.
Millennial leaders and leadership development in a multi-generational workforce
Carolyn Easton , Renier Steyn
Abstract
The millennial generation is regarded as different to the previous generations in the workplace. This makes them different as leaders in the workplace, thereby having implications for their leadership development and training. This is valuable given that millennials are currently the largest generation in the workplace and the leadership pipeline for the previous generations especially the Baby Boomer generation who have begun retiring. Organisations need to consider whether traditional leadership approaches in the workplace remain relevant for millennial leaders. In the study, five articles were written to address parts of the problem. The first article focused on millennials having different cultural values when compared to Generation X and Baby Boomer generation. The second and third articles focused on differences in leadership styles and effective leadership styles respectively when comparing millennial leaders to the previous generations. The fourth article looked at whether leadership training by South African business schools is suitable for millennial leaders. The last article focused on what millennial leaders want from leadership development and training. In this paper, the aim was to integrate the findings of these articles to present a narrative for a specialised and tailor-made leadership development and training strategy for millennial leaders in the workplace.
The Triarchic Leadership Mindset for Leading in 4IR/5IR: An Assessment of South African Top-Management
Jacobus H Oosthuizen
Abstract
Technological advancement is transforming the world, and the 4IR/5IR is driving South Africa towards a future in which the pace of change will be so rapid and its impact so deep that the country will be irreversibly transformed. While technologies continue to build on and amplify each other, management practice lag comparable to the digital era’s exponential advancement. At the individual level of analysis, based on the Triarchic Theory of Cognitive Disposition for navigating the digital era, this study assessed how SA top-management practitioners perceive themselves in terms of Episteme-Analytical Intelligence, Techne-Inventive Intelligence and Phronesis-Synergic Intelligence. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey approach was followed, collecting data from 202 top managers across sectors in SA using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Collectively SA managers rate moderately, with evidenced reliability of the instrument, whilst statistically significant as well as practical significant bivariate correlations were calculated between all three variables. In terms of gender demographic variable, no statistical or practical significant difference could be determined. The 4IR/5IR era demands management practitioners to reinvent themselves to address the challenges, by assessing their cognitive disposition so as to determine readiness and identify shortcomings. At the organisational level management practitioners should initiate developmental initiatives in relation to the cognitive disposition domains so as to empower employees and followers, as well as give 4IR/5IR prominence in their strategic dialogue.
Investor Sentiment, Stock Market Returns and Volatility: Evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange
Pavan Hiramoney
Abstract
Traditional asset pricing theory asserts that investors are rational and, therefore, asset prices are solely influenced by fundamental factors. However, the effect of behavioural biases on asset returns has been documented in recent financial literature, leading to the questioning of the traditional financial theories. Accordingly, this study investigated whether investor sentiment has an impact on the returns and volatility of headline indices on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange market over a ten-year period. A composite broad market sentiment index was used to measure sentiment and the generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models were used as the method of analysis. Findings show that there is a significant relationship between market returns, volatility and investor sentiment on the South African market. These findings point to the inadequacy of traditional asset pricing models as they do not take into account investor sentiment or any other behavioural component in pricing assets in spite of the evidence that they are significant risk factors. The results have implications for price discovery, risk management and policymaking – all aspects the success of which depends on the proper measurement and forecasting of volatility.
Financial Inclusion Of The Informal Sector: A Case Of Matebeleland, North Zimbabwe
Mccpowell Fombang , Gauda Maseko
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that well-functioning, healthy and competitive financial systems are an effective tool in spreading opportunity and fighting poverty through offering people a wide range of needs such as savings, credit, payment, and risk management services. Given the importance of financial inclusion, Zimbabwe launched the National Financial Inclusion Strategy 2016 to increase the level of financial inclusion to marginalized segments especially in informal sector. Despite these efforts, the informal sector which contributes over 60% of total output in Zimbabwe, still has challenges accessing credit and other financial services. The purpose of this study was to assess and understand the reasons behind the low levels of financial inclusion within the informal sector with an aim to identify any gaps that need to be addressed and making recommendations to policymakers regarding enhancing access to financial services in this sector. This study surveyed 150 informal sector traders using structured and open-ended questions. The findings show inaccessibility, lack of financial education, and product inappropriateness as some of the key barriers to financial inclusion. Despite such achievements, the strategy is not optimally effective due to cash constraints, policy and adoption inconsistencies amongst other challenges.
A Theoretical Framework For Financial Cycles
Milan de Wet , Ilsé Botha
Abstract
Financial crises around the world have proven the disruptive impact fluctuations in financial factors might have on the real economy. The cyclicality of financial variables should be monitored to gauge the financial state of an economy. To effectively manage these complex cycles, one must first be able to define such cycles and then identify the drivers of such cycles. Several shortcomings limit our understanding of aggregate financial cycles. Firstly, the aggregate financial cycle is not empirically well defined, with a continuous debate on the constituents of the aggregate financial cycle. Secondly, the lack of financial cycle theories limits the theoretical base that can be used to identify these constituents. The aim of this article is to develop a theoretical framework for the aggregate financial cycle with the objective to define and conceptualise the aggregate financial cycle in order to identify the constituents of the aggregate financial cycle. The findings show that the Keynesian, Monetarist and Austrian theories are the theoretical foundation of the aggregate financial cycle. Furthermore, credit growth and asset price changes are the most important constituents of the financial cycle. Other important variables include interest rate conditions, balance sheet conditions, economic confidence indicators and the foreign financial position. The findings of this paper will assist economic policymakers, business and asset managers to make accurate and effective decisions relating to financial cycle fluctuations.
Financial Planners’ Knowledge And Understanding Of Robo-Advisors
Sumaiya Sidat
Abstract
Within financial-planning, robo-advisors are a financial technology tool capable of augmenting existing service provision. This paper aims to provide an understanding of robo-advisors and their capabilities by conducting an extensive literary investigation and by engaging with financial planners to gauge their understanding of this innovative technology.
To achieve the paper’s objective, a qualitative research approach was adopted, aligning with the interpretivist paradigm. Thirteen financial planners who have been offering financial advice for a minimum of three years were sampled from the Eastern Cape in South Africa, by using snowball and convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data derived was analysed through directed content analysis.
Financial planners have a varied understanding of robo-advisors. While some lack clarity on robo-advisors’ nature and scope, there is a prevailing view that they cannot replace human planners entirely.
Robo-advisors could transform current financial-planning methods. However, this paper reveals limited knowledge and misconceptions among financial planners regarding robo-advisors. It is imperative that institutions and professional bodies create awareness of such innovations. Educating financial planners about novel technologies can enhance service offerings, mitigate client attrition risks, and streamline tasks, thereby affording more time for client relationships.
To achieve the paper’s objective, a qualitative research approach was adopted, aligning with the interpretivist paradigm. Thirteen financial planners who have been offering financial advice for a minimum of three years were sampled from the Eastern Cape in South Africa, by using snowball and convenience sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the data derived was analysed through directed content analysis.
Financial planners have a varied understanding of robo-advisors. While some lack clarity on robo-advisors’ nature and scope, there is a prevailing view that they cannot replace human planners entirely.
Robo-advisors could transform current financial-planning methods. However, this paper reveals limited knowledge and misconceptions among financial planners regarding robo-advisors. It is imperative that institutions and professional bodies create awareness of such innovations. Educating financial planners about novel technologies can enhance service offerings, mitigate client attrition risks, and streamline tasks, thereby affording more time for client relationships.
Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Political Stability, Natural Resources, and Property Rights Based Governance Quality
Dr. Francois Wehncke, Prof. Dr. rer. pol. habil. Heinz Eckart Klingelhöfer
Abstract
This study investigates the intricate determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in 54 African countries, focusing on the roles of political stability, natural resource endowments, and property rights-based governance quality. Employing a longitudinal research design and panel data analysis with the World Bank’s World Development Indicators from 2012 to 2022, the research explores how these factors influence FDI across diverse socio-economic landscapes. The findings reveal that political stability is pivotal in attracting FDI, underscoring the importance of a stable and transparent political environment and effective governance. Natural resource rents exhibit a dual-edged nature, attracting FDI but potentially hindering sustainable economic development. Detailed econometric analyses, including the Random-Effects model application and cointegration tests, illustrate the complexity of fostering an investment-conducive environment in Africa. The study concludes that integrated strategies addressing political, economic, and governance dimensions appear to be crucial. Recommendations for policymakers include enhancing political stability, effectively managing natural resources, and strengthening property rights to improve the continent’s attractiveness to foreign investors.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Capital Structure of the Top 40 JSE-Listed Companies
Davies D Oluwole-Ogunyemi , Kevin Thomas , Darius du Plessis , Adele Oosthuizen
Abstract
A global crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic may strain liquidity and force companies to revisit their assumptions about the optimum capital structure. While numerous researchers have investigated the impact of COVID-19 on capital structure, most were conducted in developed countries, where systematic risk is lower and financing more accessible. This research seeks to bridge the gap by exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the capital structures of the Top 40 JSE-listed companies using data spanning 2018 to 2022. The study used fixed effects regression models to test the moderating effect of the pandemic on the relationship between specific economic factors and companies’ short-term, long-term and overall gearing ratios. Contrary to expectations, the research found no significant relationship between COVID-19 and any of the capital structure ratios of the Top 40 JSE-listed companies. However, The analysis revealed that company-specific factors, including liquidity, profitability, growth, company size and tangibility, play a statistically significant role in understanding some of the variances in the overall, short-term, and long-term gearing levels of the Top 40 JSE-listed companies. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamics of capital structure adjustments in the context of developing countries during a global crisis, shedding light on the resilience or stability exhibited by the Top 40 companies listed on the JSE in the face of the unprecedented challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine impact on capital markets
Dorota Witkowska , Krzysztof Kompa
Abstract
In 2020 the global economy was affected by the pandemic resulting in essential decrease of GDP growth rate world-wide. The economic situation was improving but in February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. Therefore, a question arises how the capital markets in different parts of the world reacted to economic problems caused by pandemic and the war in Ukraine. We investigate the daily quotations of stock indexes in 28 capital markets from the third quarter of 2019 to the end of 2022. This period is divided into 4 subperiods ¬ pre-pandemic, pandemic shock, pre-war and war periods. In our research we apply structural analysis and statistical tests comparing expected rates of return and risk in the considered periods. In the pandemic shock period, there were bear markets in the majority of countries, which have not been observed after Russian invasion, as in some capital markets global maximum has been detected during the war. The Russian-Ukrainian war causes economic perturbances and increases volatility in equity markets, but the declines in index values were smaller than those caused by the pandemics in all countries except Russia and Greece. Our results do not indicate a significantly stronger response from the bordering countries and states dependent on Russian and Ukrainian supplies.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL FINANCIAL LITERACY IN THE USE OF FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Senzokuhle Doctor Mbatane, Mamekwa Katlego Kekana
Abstract
The rise of financial technology (FinTech) has revolutionised the financial services sector, enhancing efficiency and expanding financial inclusion. However, the effective use of FinTech requires increased financial literacy among users to prevent scams and errors. Despite the rapid growth of digital financial services (DFS), digital financial literacy (DFL) has lagged, particularly in South Africa. This study aims to analyse DFL’s role in university students’ use of FinTech products and services in South Africa. A quantitative method was utilised, with 375 structured questionnaires distributed to university students through convenient sampling. This study used descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 29.0 for data analysis, where reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Structural equation modelling using IBM AMOS version 29.0 was conducted to estimate the relationship between the research variables. The results indicated that most students possessed a high knowledge level of digital financial products and services and an awareness of digital financial risks. However, students’ knowledge of digital financial risk control and consumer rights and redress procedures was moderate. Despite this, most students are willing to use FinTech products and services and plan to continue. The study found that students who better understand digital financial products, risk control, and consumer rights are more likely to use FinTech services. Interestingly, awareness of digital financial risks does not significantly impact the use of FinTech products and services. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing new insight into student digital financial literacy and Fintech use in South Africa. The study recommends incorporating DFL into the academic curriculum to improve understanding and increase FinTech use.
The Influence of Interest Rates on the Financial Stability of the Residential Property Market in South Africa
Lindokuhle Khumalo, Dimpho Keretetse , Thabea Mokobane, Ntwanano Hlekane, Chioma Okoro
Abstract
The influence of interest rates on the financial stability of the residential property market is multifaceted, affecting both market dynamics and debtor behaviour. Research indicates that rising interest rates lead to significant instability, necessitating strategic interventions to mitigate adverse effects. The research explored interest rates as a critical factor in the influence on the financial stability of the residential property market in South Africa. Despite extensive research on the global housing affordability crisis and interest rate impacts, limited emphasis has been placed on the South African context. A systematic literature review used literature from Scopus and Emerald databases to identify peer-reviewed journals, eBooks and conference papers from 2019-2024. Content analysis of multiple studies revealed that economic factors like inflation, GDP, and political risks significantly influence the residential property market in South Africa. The study’s findings indicate that the relationship between interest rates and housing prices has evolved since the 2007 financial crisis, and the unique monetary policy scenario in South Africa challenges the effectiveness of interest rates in facilitating price stability and economic growth. The study highlights the significant link between financial stability and interest rates in the South African residential property market, posing significant economic and policy implications. The study offers crucial insights for policymakers, homeowners, and investors to make informed decisions to mitigate interest rate risks and ensure financial stability in the housing sector. The study’s execution was hindered by limited public domain and search engine material, and future research should focus on analysing interest rate risk’s impact on real estate pricing and market dynamics particularly in South Africa.
Enhancing Sustainability Literacy in MBA Programmes: A Mnemonic Card Game for Teaching the Sustainable Development Goals
Magdalena J Grobler
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 comprehensive, global targets aimed at addressing critical issues such as poverty, inequality, and climate change. Integrating these goals into management education is essential for preparing future business leaders to address sustainability challenges effectively. This study aims to develop and evaluate a mnemonic card game designed to enhance MBA students’ understanding and retention of the SDGs. The game incorporates mnemonic techniques and game-based learning principles, aligning with the Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) framework. Using a Design Science Research (DSR) approach, the study involved pre- and post-game quizzes, surveys, and observations to assess the game’s effectiveness. The findings indicate significant improvements in students’ SDG knowledge, with mean quiz scores increasing by 2.41 points post-game. This research contributes to the field by providing an innovative educational tool that fosters critical thinking, collaboration, and ethical decision-making in management education. The game’s design and positive outcomes suggest its potential for broader application across various educational contexts, promoting responsible management education and sustainability literacy.
From Sportsmanship to Entrepreneurship: Building Business Acumen in South African Athletes Through Customised Education Programmes.
Miss Amukelani Mathebula, Dr Senzo Ngcobo, Mr Semanga Mabuza
Abstract
This study delves into the pivotal role of business education in transforming athletes into successful entrepreneurs, specifically focusing on the South African context. Through a systematic literature review (SLR), the research methodically analyses the integration of customised education programmes in South African athletes’ careers to enhance their business acumen and facilitate their transition from sportsmanship to entrepreneurship. The findings underscore the significance of tailored educational initiatives that leverage athletes’ unique skills and experiences. Noteworthy recommendations include the need for longitudinal studies, mentorship and networking dynamics exploration, and comparative analyses across diverse sports industries and regions. This study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and sports organisations, offering a roadmap for fostering socioeconomic development within communities by empowering athletes through business education. The research highlights the evolving landscape of business education and the challenges and opportunities in sports entrepreneurship. It provides actionable strategies for athletes to integrate business education into their careers and build their entrepreneurial capabilities.
The Role of Entrepreneurship Training within Art and Design Departments at Universities: The Case of Johannesburg’s Creative Economy
Mariapaola McGurk , Natanya Meyer
Abstract
The 21st century has led to the emergence of new economies like creative, circular, and green economies, but South Africa faces challenges in practical implementation. This study explores the role of entrepreneurship training in art and design departments at Johannesburg universities in fostering the creative economy. A qualitative approach was used, with a semi-structured interview design. The study found that incorporating creative entrepreneurship courses into art and design curricula is vital but under-implemented. Experts advocate for mandatory, practical courses for art students and aspiring creatives. However, there is a gap between academic departments and Johannesburg’s creative industry due to institutional silos and academic challenges. Support for innovative courses is lacking, with efforts often unacknowledged. Concerns include outdated information and limited exposure to professional networks. Bridging this divide requires rethinking academic structures, fostering industry collaboration, and providing adequate support for innovative endeavours. Recommendations include the quadruple helix model, integrating entrepreneurship training across all art and design departments, delivering practical instruction by industry-experienced entrepreneurs, involving students and young entrepreneurs for mentorship and connections, conducting training in non-traditional settings, and emphasising a practical understanding of the creative economy, including network dynamics and hub significance, aligning with a systems thinking approach.
A Proposed Framework to Incorporate AI Technologies and Industry 5.0 Skillsets into an MBA Qualification
Jessica Ehlers, Margaret Cullen, Andre Calitz, Michael de Lange4
Abstract
Digital transformation and continuous changes to the business environment, including new advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, have questioned the relevance of current Business Schools’ offerings. As industry continues to adopt and invest in AI technologies, the demand for a more digitally prepared workforce continues to rise. Higher Education Institutions need to address the concerns of industry that they are producing graduates who are ill-equipped to handle the new challenges in the workplace. As industry continues to adopt and invest in AI technologies, the demand for a more digitally prepared workforce continues to rise. MBA students, in particular, need to demonstrate an understanding of AI and how to incorporate these technologies into their organisational strategy and operations to drive business growth. As a result, business schools need to incorporate 21st century skillsets and Artificial Intelligence Education (AIEd) technologies into all aspects of the learning and teaching process to ensure graduates are prepared for the AI-enabled workplace.
A literature review was conducted to identify factors for consideration towards a proposed theoretical framework to incorporate AI technologies and Industry 5.0 skillsets into an MBA qualification, called MBAi5.0. The proposed theoretical framework highlights several important factors, such as industry-academia collaboration initiatives, faculty member competencies and the incorporation of AI technologies into curricula, for consideration by Business Schools. Business Schools need to consider the proposed factors in order to remain relevant.
A literature review was conducted to identify factors for consideration towards a proposed theoretical framework to incorporate AI technologies and Industry 5.0 skillsets into an MBA qualification, called MBAi5.0. The proposed theoretical framework highlights several important factors, such as industry-academia collaboration initiatives, faculty member competencies and the incorporation of AI technologies into curricula, for consideration by Business Schools. Business Schools need to consider the proposed factors in order to remain relevant.
Motivational drivers of Entrepreneurial Minded Learning Interventions in Non-Entrepreneurial Subjects: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis
Nestene Botha
Abstract
In the face of rapid technological advancements and complex societal challenges, there is an increasing demand for educational systems to evolve by integrating Entrepreneurial Minded Learning (EML) into a variety of non-entrepreneurial disciplines. This study seeks to uncover the key motivational drivers prompting higher education institutions to embed entrepreneurial principles into diverse subjects, thereby equipping students with essential skills for the 21st-century workforce, such as innovative thinking and adaptability.
Using a systematic literature review methodology, this research scrutinizes existing studies on the incorporation of EML in non-entrepreneurial subjects. The review process involved the identification of pertinent literature, the application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the execution of a thematic analysis on the selected studies.
The analysis reveals seven primary motivations for the adoption of entrepreneurial-minded learning (EML), including the enhancement of student employability and learning, adaptation to educational trends, cultivation of an entrepreneurial mindset, entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial intention, overcoming existing challenges, demonstrating impact, fostering collaboration, and securing resources. By synthesizing findings from a wide range of studies, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the integration of EML. The insights gained are trends, cultivation of an entrepreneurial mindset, entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial intention, overcoming existing challenges, demonstrating impact, fostering collaboration, and securing resources. By synthesizing findings from a wide range of studies, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the integration of EML. The insights gained are intended to guide educators and policymakers in the development of effective strategies to incorporate entrepreneurial minded learning in various non-entrepreneurial subjects, ultimately fostering a more dynamic and relevant curricula.
Using a systematic literature review methodology, this research scrutinizes existing studies on the incorporation of EML in non-entrepreneurial subjects. The review process involved the identification of pertinent literature, the application of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the execution of a thematic analysis on the selected studies.
The analysis reveals seven primary motivations for the adoption of entrepreneurial-minded learning (EML), including the enhancement of student employability and learning, adaptation to educational trends, cultivation of an entrepreneurial mindset, entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial intention, overcoming existing challenges, demonstrating impact, fostering collaboration, and securing resources. By synthesizing findings from a wide range of studies, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the integration of EML. The insights gained are trends, cultivation of an entrepreneurial mindset, entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial intention, overcoming existing challenges, demonstrating impact, fostering collaboration, and securing resources. By synthesizing findings from a wide range of studies, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors driving the integration of EML. The insights gained are intended to guide educators and policymakers in the development of effective strategies to incorporate entrepreneurial minded learning in various non-entrepreneurial subjects, ultimately fostering a more dynamic and relevant curricula.
Benefits of integrating entrepreneurial minded learning (EML) in non-entrepreneurial subjects: a systematic literature review and thematic analysis
Nestene Botha
Abstract
This study investigates the beneficial outcomes of integrating Entrepreneurially Minded Learning (EML) across non-entrepreneurial subjects within higher education. In a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by technological advancements and complex societal challenges, there is a pressing need to embed entrepreneurial principles in diverse academic disciplines. The motivation for this research stems from the potential of EML to enhance students’ employability, foster innovative thinking, and equip them with essential skills for the 21st-century workforce.
Employing a systematic literature review, this research analyzes existing studies on the application of EML across various subjects outside its traditional domain of business education. The review involved identifying relevant literature, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, and conducting a thematic analysis of the selected studies.
The findings reveal significant benefits of EML integration, including enhanced employability, increased student engagement, and notable learning gains. This research contributes to the academic discourse by synthesizing scattered evidence on the impact of EML across disciplines, offering a consolidated view of its potential benefits. It provides a foundation for educators and policymakers to develop informed strategies for embedding entrepreneurial pedagogy within diverse educational contexts.
Employing a systematic literature review, this research analyzes existing studies on the application of EML across various subjects outside its traditional domain of business education. The review involved identifying relevant literature, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, and conducting a thematic analysis of the selected studies.
The findings reveal significant benefits of EML integration, including enhanced employability, increased student engagement, and notable learning gains. This research contributes to the academic discourse by synthesizing scattered evidence on the impact of EML across disciplines, offering a consolidated view of its potential benefits. It provides a foundation for educators and policymakers to develop informed strategies for embedding entrepreneurial pedagogy within diverse educational contexts.
Analysis of the Role of Business Schools in the 4th Industrial Revolution
Dr Aamir Suleman, Prof Natanya Meyer, Prof Cecile Nieuwenhuizen
Abstract
This study explores the evolving role of business schools in the context of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), highlighting the urgent need for adaptation in curriculum and teaching methodologies. It investigates the necessity for business schools to equip leaders with skills and competencies to navigate the complexities of the modern business landscape amidst rapid technological advancements and unpredictable changes like the COVID-19 pandemic.
The research synthesises views from a broad spectrum of stakeholders, including academic leaders, MBA students, industry representatives, alumni, and prospective students. It reveals a consensus that business schools must transition from traditional analytical models to innovative, holistic approaches, fostering skills like creativity, ethical leadership, and digital fluency. This shift is essential for producing leaders who are not only competent in technology but also adept in managing its implications in the business world.
The study underscores business schools’ role as agents of change, contributing to societal and economic welfare and anticipating shifts in the business environment. However, it also identifies a gap between current educational offerings and the evolving needs of the business world, suggesting a paradigm shift towards more practical, relevant, and globally adaptable education models. Future research could focus on the limitations and challenges business schools face in adapting to the requirements of the 4IR.
The research synthesises views from a broad spectrum of stakeholders, including academic leaders, MBA students, industry representatives, alumni, and prospective students. It reveals a consensus that business schools must transition from traditional analytical models to innovative, holistic approaches, fostering skills like creativity, ethical leadership, and digital fluency. This shift is essential for producing leaders who are not only competent in technology but also adept in managing its implications in the business world.
The study underscores business schools’ role as agents of change, contributing to societal and economic welfare and anticipating shifts in the business environment. However, it also identifies a gap between current educational offerings and the evolving needs of the business world, suggesting a paradigm shift towards more practical, relevant, and globally adaptable education models. Future research could focus on the limitations and challenges business schools face in adapting to the requirements of the 4IR.
Developing a Search Strategy for Identifying Entrepreneurial Minded Learning (EML) Integration in Non-Entrepreneurial Subjects: A Systematic Literature Review
Nestene Botha
Abstract
This study investigates the development of a search strategy to identify papers that report on the integration of Entrepreneurially Minded Learning (EML) in non-entrepreneurial subjects within higher education. Amidst a rapidly evolving global landscape characterized by technological advancements and complex societal challenges, there is a pressing need to embed EML across diverse academic disciplines. The motivation for this research stems from the necessity to systematically consolidate existing studies on EML, which is crucial for enhancing students’ employability, fostering innovative thinking, and equipping them with the skills necessary to navigate the 21st-century workforce.
Employing a systematic literature review, the research developed and tested five comprehensive search strings on the Ebscohost database, targeting peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2023. The review process involved identifying relevant literature, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, and analyzing the selected studies.
The findings reveal an ascending trajectory in the publication frequency of EML studies, particularly noting the significant representation of the United States, followed by Spain and other countries. The systematic search strategy identified 1,432 unique papers, with a final sample of 30 papers meeting the inclusion criteria, demonstrating the strategy’s effectiveness.
This research contributes to the academic discourse by providing a robust search strategy for identifying EML integration studies, offering a valuable tool for educators, policymakers, and researchers. It lays a foundation for developing informed strategies to embed entrepreneurial pedagogy within diverse educational contexts.
Employing a systematic literature review, the research developed and tested five comprehensive search strings on the Ebscohost database, targeting peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2023. The review process involved identifying relevant literature, applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, and analyzing the selected studies.
The findings reveal an ascending trajectory in the publication frequency of EML studies, particularly noting the significant representation of the United States, followed by Spain and other countries. The systematic search strategy identified 1,432 unique papers, with a final sample of 30 papers meeting the inclusion criteria, demonstrating the strategy’s effectiveness.
This research contributes to the academic discourse by providing a robust search strategy for identifying EML integration studies, offering a valuable tool for educators, policymakers, and researchers. It lays a foundation for developing informed strategies to embed entrepreneurial pedagogy within diverse educational contexts.
Scenarios for re-imagining research and innovation at South African Higher Education Institutions in the digital landscape
Miemie Struwig, Storm Watson
Abstract
The Council of Higher Education (CHE) in South Africa identifies the core functions of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as teaching and learning, research and innovation as well as community engagement. The primary objective of this study is to develop and evaluate scenarios for re-imagining research and innovation within the digital landscape of South African public HEIs. For this study, primary data was collected through the analysis of the 2021 annual reports and official websites of the 26 public universities in South Africa. An environmental scan was conducted through content analysis of these documents to identify current trends and key uncertainties affecting the institutions’ core functions of research and innovation concerning their digital landscapes. The scenario narrative for research and innovation, related to the digital landscape at South African HEIs was that the HEIs might experience positive developments in research funding, however, they would continue to grapple with challenges in research capacity. These challenges present both opportunities and threats as HEIs needed to leverage available funding while ensuring that they had the necessary capacity to maximise their research potential.
The Effect of Green Human Resource Management on Environmental Sustainability in Selected Organizations in Kenya: A Qualitative Analysis
Dr Justus Nyongesa Wesonga, Prof Johan Van Der Westhuizen
Abstract
This study established the relationship between green human resource management (GHRM) and environmental sustainability in the Kenyan tourism and banking industries. Specifically, the study focused on five objectives: environmental training, creating a green workplace, linking financial incentives with sustainability, the influence of organizational policies, and eco-leadership. The study employed a qualitative research approach in which in-depth interviews were conducted with the Chief Executive Officers, Human Resources Managers and a Corporate Social Responsibility Managers from two case companies. The findings showed that the amount of environmental training within an organization impacts the level of environmental conservation activities undertaken. The green workplace enables employees to deal with deliberate environmental challenges and improve the working environment. The influence of financial incentives on work environment activities was considered. The study found a limitation of organizational policies in promoting environmental sustainability and the need for organizations to have environmental leadership. Key findings were analyzed in comparison to primary and secondary research findings. The study recommends the implementation of GHRM in organizations as it has the potential to enhance environmental sustainability.
Attempts by environmental civil society organizations in the Vaal Region, South Africa to achieve environmental justice
Bafokeng Desmond Moeti
Abstract
The literature examining the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in the Emfuleni Local Municipality highlights their involvement in policy development. Key organizations such as the Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance, Save the Vaal Environment, and the Vaal Action Group have been active in addressing various forms of pollution, including water, sewage, and air pollution, which have plagued the region for over a decade. This article reviews the existing literature to assess the impact of these CSOs’ interventions from the onset of the pollution crisis and the outcomes of their efforts. The Emfuleni Local Municipality has experienced various repercussions, including legal judgments and public protests, due to the ongoing pollution issues. This article enhances the scholarly understanding of how civil society organizations influence policy-making at the local government level, with a specific focus on Emfuleni Local Municipality.
Managing Sustainable Household Water Consumption by Adopting Water Conservation Information
Mr. Ryan Lesetja Mathaba
Abstract
In this study, a conceptual model integrating the Information Adoption Model (IAM) with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was developed to investigate household sustainable water use. The study examined how argument quality and source credibility influence the perceived usefulness of information adoption on water conservation. Furthermore, it investigated how perceived usefulness affects perceived behavioural control and the subsequent adoption of water conservation information, ultimately leading to sustainable household use. Data was collected from 408 usable data from South African households using a random sampling technique and an online self-administered survey. The data collected was analysed using SmartPLS version 4 software. The findings confirmed the significant and positive relationship on four proposed relationships, except for source credibility’s negative and insignificant effect on the perceived usefulness of water conservation information. One of the most impactful findings was the positive effect of perceived usefulness on perceived behavioural control, which had no prior support from the literature. This is a significant contribution of the study to the existing literature. The study’s findings offer practical insights into managing sustainable household water consumption by emphasizing the importance of perceived usefulness and behavioural control in promoting effective information adoption. The implications, limitations and recommendations for future studies based on our findings are provided.
A South African industry perspective on problem areas regarding recycling infrastructure and the role of government to address the recycling needs
Abraham Jacobus Johannes Mouton, Amarentia Therese Roux
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) pertains to all electrical and electronic devices that have reached the end of their operational life. It contains hazardous toxins and pose a hazard to the environment and to humans if managed improperly. E-waste generation is rapidly increasing globally and is around 500 kt per annum in South Africa. There have been, however, dearth studies conducted on e-waste management systems, particularly in developing countries, South Africa included. The purpose of this study is to offer the views of four South African industry stakeholder groups on the effective management of household e-waste with the focus on the role of the South African Government to manage the system and to investigate the availability of recycling infrastructures and refurbishing centres. The practical and academic importance of the study is to contribute to a safe and efficient recycling environment where human health and economic sustainability are addressed. A qualitative research design was used to collect data from various stakeholders. Twenty participants, directly involved in e-waste management systems, were included in the sample. A broad range of views and perspectives were covered by means of an open-ended questionnaire with probing questions. The study used thematic analysis to generate observations and findings from the interviews. It has been found that the South African government should facilitate the management structures of e-waste and initiate dedicated e-waste legislation with the help of industry experts. There is, however, mistrust in the South African Government to manage e-waste structures due to political agendas and a history of financial mismanagement. Further findings are that there are no recycling facilities in rural areas or in country towns, and for certain e-waste types there are no recycling facilities at all, e.g. for fluorescent tubes. There is also almost no electrical equipment refurbishing centres in the country. The research contributes to the development of a management framework to recycle household e-waste.
A qualitative assessment of sustainability reporting: An environmental, social and governance perspective
Storm Brandon Watson, Elroy Eugene Smith
Abstract
Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting emerged as an essential part of assessing and demonstrating an organisation’s sustainable and ethical practices to its stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to conduct an in-depth desktop analysis of the sustainability reporting of eight organisations in South Africa from an ESG perspective. To achieve this aim, the interpretivism research paradigm and qualitative research approach were deemed most appropriate for this study. Secondary data such as online websites and published sustainability reports from eight organisations were scrutinised as to identify common ESG themes or categories of reporting. The main overall findings illustrate that organisations implement some ESG metrices as to illustrate their sustainable impact on the environment, society and governance practices. The findings also offer some useful and practical guidelines for organisations to improve their ESG reporting to stakeholders.
Assessing the Neglect of Automotive Emissions in South Africa Environmental Policies: A Critical Review
Phumlani Masilela, Marcia Mkansi, John Michael Maxel Okoche, Anthea Amadi-Echendu
Abstract
Climate change policies such as the Carbon Tax Act 15 of 2019, Climate Change Bill (B9-2022), National Climate Change Response Policy White Paper are predominantly acknowledged in the scholarly field. A wide range of industry have embraced these policies as the foundation for green and sustainable business practices. A critical review of these policies indicates, however, a limited scope of governance and applicability to crowd logistics businesses. Yet, the digital-based crowd logistics are characterised by frequent traffic flows and multiple stops which add more cars on the road and have high impact on carbon dioxide emissions. We contend that the latter context, which have been neglected in policy frameworks, is important and requires new comprehensive policy that takes into consideration heterogeneous digital crowd logistics context. This study reviews green policies, highlight gaps, and proposes a logistics elements policy framework that can serve as a nucleus for policy development in the context of crowd logistics models in South Africa.
Meagreness of scholarly literature on responsibility as a concept within the field of strategic management: An exploratory stand-alone review of literature
Dr Tish Taylor, Dr Wilhelm K. Neuland
Abstract
The concept of responsibility seems to be an assumed, overlooked construct within the field of strategic management. Cursory examination revealed an unexpected and unknown dearth of scholarly work on this topic. A brief foray into the philosophical nature of responsibility was made, yielding surprisingly pragmatic contributions, despite the well-published complexities and disagreements surrounding complexity. A stand-alone, semi-structured literature review revealed that less than 0.07% of articles published in the three highest ranking journals (related to strategic management) over the past 44 years explored or integrated the concept of responsibility in its unmodified form. Acceptable methods were followed, yielding satisfactory levels of validity and reliability. This highly replicable study serves as a strong foundation for future researchers yearning for a deeper, more introspective look for useful and exciting themes. The extent to which the concept of responsibility has not been researched within the field of strategic management has been uncovered and articulated. Despite this, startling examples do exist of how responsibility can be approached pragmatically and inventively within the field of strategic management.
Peeling back the layers: The rationale for embracing sustainable competitive advantage
Vera Kriel, Geoff A Goldman
Abstract
Sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) continues to be an important measure of business success despite indications that it is elusive in the complex 4th Industrial Revolution world. This study intends to highlight the rationale for its continued use. An exploratory, constructivist grounded theory approach was followed. Data were obtained from 27 semi-structured interviews with executives, who were purposively selected, and analysed to develop a grounded theory. A relational framework emerged describing the rationale for SCA continued use starting with capitalist thought which influences creators (suppliers) of management thought. These suppliers develop either fads and fashions or evidentiary research. These fads and fashions and evidentiary research are translated into tools, frameworks and/or theories that are used by businesses and maintained through an engrained model, managerialism, risk aversion or contemporary trends. Critical management studies also offered additional rationale in the form of strategy as ideology, discourse, political economy and practice. By understanding the systemic interplay of the rationale for the continued use of SCA, managers can critically evaluate the relevance of SCA in their business environment and identify alternatives to SCA as a measure of success and open up possibilities for collaboration in contrast with pure competitiveness.
The protection of personal information act compliance and requirements for higher education institutions: pre covid
Joel Arthur
Abstract
This study examined data protection requirements that can be used as guidelines for higher education institutions to comply with the POPI Act. To answer this question, a systematic review was used to analyse articles based on the POPI Act. The Results indicate that there are several key definitions related to the POPI Act that enable a higher education institution to formulate its POPI Act compliance policy such as Data protection and Personal information. The POPI Act sets out guidelines concerning access to and processing of any individual data. The level of compliance with this change is crucial and both private and public organizations need to adhere to such protection implementation. The Act characterizes processing as collecting, getting, recording, organizing, recovering, or the utilize conveyance, or sharing of personal information. POPIA and data protection are both key themes that the research team picked up in the content that they analysed to formulate this paper; these themes encapsulate a group of keywords that were identified in the documents that have been used in this study. This paper thus aims to provide insightful knowledge into the South African implementation of the POPI Act compliance within higher education institutions pre covid.
Workaround Ingenuity on Information Security Policy Compliance: A Structural Equation Model to Predict Security Integrity Implications
Kennedy Njenga, Faith Nyamandi
Abstract
Businesses have always viewed human ingenuity positively, especially in improving operational processes. At times, ingenuity in the form of workarounds may cause management tensions if such action circumvents what is considered sound information security practices. This work reports on research that investigates ingenuity in workaround practices and its implications for information security policy practices. We explored the factors that drive ingenuity in workarounds. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS and SPSS to examine the implications of these factors on information security integrity. The research findings offer empirical insights into the detrimental impact of workarounds on information security policy compliance, highlighting the potential harm that certain forms of ingenuity can cause businesses if not managed effectively. Recommendations for improved information security policy design and implementation are suggested, contributing to the body of knowledge that will assist businesses and researchers in strengthening security protocols that incorporate the human element.
The Influence of Big Data Analytics Capabilities on the Performance of Manufacturing Firms
Mr. Pervan Kanniah , Prof. Theuns Pelser
Abstract
Rapid technological advancements and the Industrial Internet of Things have exponentially increased data availability, creating new challenges for manufacturing organisations to maintain performance and competitiveness. Big data analytics offers potential benefits for improving performance through enhanced data-driven decision-making. However, research on implementing big data in dynamic and evolving manufacturing environments is limited. This study is grounded in the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities framework, emphasising the role of organisational IT capabilities—management, infrastructure, and expertise—in developing big data analytics capabilities to enhance performance. The focus is on process-oriented dynamic capabilities, which are crucial for manufacturing organisations with multiple interrelated processes. Understanding this construct is vital for overcoming challenges impacting organisational performance. The research analysed 165 online survey responses from the South African manufacturing sector using a higher-order formative-reflective PLS-SEM model. The findings confirmed that big data analytics capabilities positively influence organisational performance and process-oriented dynamic capabilities. The study provides valuable insights for manufacturing firms and academia, emphasising the importance of dynamic and process-oriented capabilities in leveraging big data for performance improvement.
The influence of knowledge management technology on knowledge management processes in small training providers
Ralebitso Kenneth Letshaba, Nkanyiso Kaizer Ndlovu
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of knowledge management technology on the knowledge management processes in small training providers. In the contemporary educational landscape, small training providers face unique challenges in managing and leveraging knowledge due to limited resources and infrastructure. Using insights from technology and KM processes literature, including the resource-based view (RBV), this paper creates an integrative conceptual model to examine the relationships under investigation. This research adopted a quantitative approach, with the use of surveys to collect data from 237 employees. A non-probability sampling method, to be specific a convenience sampling technique was utilised in the study. Data analysis was executed using the SPSS version 25.9 and Smart-PLS software. The findings reveal that KM technology has a positive relationship on all the KM processes (creation, capturing, storing and sharing). Specifically, KM technology facilitates the systematic capture and organisation of knowledge, improves accessibility and sharing among staff, and supports the practical application of knowledge in training programmes. This research highlights the transformative potential of technology in small training providers, offering actionable insights for the management and employees in aiming to foster a more agile and knowledge-driven educational environment. Future research could involve employing other research approaches and be carried out in other settings.
Taming the Tech Titan: The Resilience of Small and Medium Enterprises to Information Security Management Needs
Kennedy Njenga
Abstract
In efforts to grow, Tech Titans can stifle the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) because of their size, market dominance, and mastery of technology used to keep their infrastructure secure. While SMEs are economic powerhouses for most economies, these often lack the resources and expertise to address information security needs compared to Tech Titans, with many facing existential threats. This qualitative study delves into how SMEs can begin formulating ways to address pragmatic information security needs pertinent to their contexts, just like Tech Titans do while remaining resilient to threats. The study aimed to bridge the gap between existing, often large-scale and tailored, information security frameworks of Tech Titans with SMEs’ practical needs. By analysing real-world practices and perspectives, the study generated a substantive theory grounded in practitioner experiences. This was done using the Grounded Theory (GT) method. The many hours of in-depth interviews, guided by a theoretical sampling of five practitioners, generated transcripts that were analysed qualitatively. This analysis generated perspectives that formed the basis of a taxonomy of common Tech Titans’ information security methods that could be tailored to accommodate SMEs. A theory called ‘SME Resilience to Information Security’(SMEr-IS) was developed from this taxonomy, which offers practical insights for effective information security management and optimisation for SMEs
Exchange rate fluctuations and SME performance in the UK post-Brexit
Vincent Ateka , Dr. Kwame Osei-Assibey
Abstract
The study builds on the work of Belghitar et al. (2021) by examining the impact of exchange rate exposures on SMEs in the UK, post-Brexit. The aim was to assess whether the UK’s decision to leave the EU was economically advisable, with a specific focus on whether SMEs would be less susceptible to exchange rate fluctuations. Previous literature shows that exchange rate fluctuations were offset by the flow of goods and services for EU countries; thus, post-Brexit, the study hypothesized that the UK would be more susceptible to these fluctuations, adversely affecting SMEs. This paper used a similar methodology to Belghitar et al. (2021) – making use of a two-factor regression model and maximum likelihood estimation to examine the impact at a firm and industry level. The findings indicate that the UK’s decision to leave the EU benefited its SMEs. UK SMEs were less prone to USD fluctuations and residual currency fluctuations and benefited from euro appreciations. However, depreciations in the euro impacted UK SMEs more aggressively than before. The study concludes that operating as an independent state appears beneficial for UK SMEs, making them less prone to exchange rate fluctuations.
An Overview of a Local Economic Development Strategies Framework for Growth and Development.
Amanda Mphahlele
Abstract
South Africa has faced substantial challenges due to natural disasters, impacting specific regions and their economies. This has underscored the critical need for effective Local Economic Development (LED) strategies. LED research, although still a relatively new field, is characterised by evolving policies, strategies, and implementation plans, and is complicated by numerous uncertainties. Given these complexities, the aim of this research was to conduct a comprehensive literature review to investigate effective strategies that governments can employ to attract investment and promote the growth of local economies. It also seeks to examine the challenges associated with the successful implementation of LED initiatives in South Africa, intending to develop a conceptual framework for LED strategies that could promote investment and economic growth. The findings revealed several challenges, including undercapitalisation, politicisation, and conflicting objectives. Furthermore, the identified strategies include governance, enterprise support, and overall local development. It is concluded that the findings of this research are pertinent to policymakers and community development specialists engaged in initiatives that provide job training, offer small business support, and seek to attract investments to drive economic expansion.
South Africa’s Nuclear Regulatory Landscape and the Prospects for Public-Private Hybridity: A Case for Small, Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Piet Croucamp
Abstract
The regulatory framework governing nuclear energy in South Africa is a subject of political contention. The potential for a public-private partnership (PPP) in the nuclear energy sector (hybridity) stands out as a viable solution to the country’s energy challenges. Notably, Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) emerge as the most promising technology to facilitate this hybrid approach. This paper aims to assess the legislative framework, along with international cooperative agreements, to determine the likelihood of PPP-hybridity in the SMR-driven nuclear energy realm. Achieving hybridity necessitates consensus and compromises among political elites, bureaucrats, and entrepreneurs regarding funding models and managerial control. The research methodology is qualitative, involving interviews with experts to construct an explanatory narrative for PPPs and SMRs. The expected findings could inform a policy and legislative framework to establish a PPP nuclear energy hybridity. The concept of PPP hybridity in South Africa, especially concerning nuclear energy, remains an underdeveloped area of study. The approach is a qualitative analysis to comprehend the intricate hybrid nature of PPPs and SMRs, considering their diverse applications, regulatory frameworks, and socio-economic implications. The scope of this article does not include indulging in the scientific variations of SMRs.
Vendor’s views of the economic sustainability of formal versus informal marketplaces
Mr. Thato Joseph Moagi, Dr. Cashandra Mara, Dr. Peta Thomas
Abstract
This qualitative study investigates the economic sustainability of small, medium, and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in both formal and informal marketplaces within Johannesburg, Gauteng. Considering the UN SDG’s, 16 marketplace vendors – nine from informal and seven from formal settings, were interviewed to facilitate comparative analysis. The findings revealed that formal marketplaces tend to be more economically viable than informal ones, which struggle with issues such as police harassment, lack of proper documentation, understanding of regulations, insufficient infrastructure, and inadequate capital. The study aims to inform the national government, municipal authorities, and support organisations about these challenges of enhancing SMME economic sustainability, particularly in informal marketplaces. We found that social capital, strategic flexibility, market characteristics, and market experience influenced SME stability.
Memorable Marine Tourism Experiences: Do Demographics Matter?
Altouise Jonas
Abstract
The marine tourism sector has become a global powerhouse but to continue in an upward trajectory, the tourism industry and marine tourism operators should pay attention to their customer preferences, one of which is a demand for memorable experiences. The formation and recollection of memorable experiences is a heterogeneous process that differs based on tourists’ demographic profile. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether demographic variables influence the dimensions which contribute to memorable marine tourism experiences. This study employed a quantitative approach. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire from individuals who had participated in a marine tourism experience in South Africa. The final sample consisted of 444 respondents. Multivariate Analysis of Variance were calculated to establish whether significant differences exist between the demographic variables and dependent variables. Where significant differences were observed Post hoc Sheffé tests were conducted to establish where the differences were observed, and Cohen’s D tests identified the effect size of the difference. Four statistically significant relationships were found. Gender influences meaningfulness, age influences involvement and education and nationality influence delight. This study can assist the tourism industry, and marine tourism operators, to have a better understanding of their consumers, to better manage their experience and to make more informed decisions about their marketing strategies.
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technology and the impact on Corporate Governance
Mrs Saajidah Adam
Abstract
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has brought about fundamental change in many industries. The technology in this revolution brings both opportunities and challenges, and we need to take advantage of these opportunities and find solutions to the challenges as 4IR will undoubtedly shape the future through its impact on business, government, and personal lives. Corporate governance is essential in every organisation to ensure organisations are directed and controlled in an effective and efficient manner to meet their long-term objectives and goals. However, international and local scandals of fraud, corruption and corporate failure have resulted in a significant decline in the confidence in corporate governance.
This paper examines the opportunities brought about by 4IR technology, and how this may improve the corporate governance systems. A narrative qualitative documentary analysis of literature is undertaken. This identifies the areas where corporate governance aided by 4IR will enhance firm performance. The study found that 4IR technology and the related tools will enhance governance processes and increase their efficiency, thereby enhancing firm performance and mitigating the risk of corporate failures.
Managerial Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes for Medium-sized Companies in South Africa’s Gauteng Province
Pieter Joubert, Kafigi Jeje, Alfred Henrico, Johannes C. Coetzee
Abstract
This study delves into the realm of corporate social responsibility within medium-sized companies in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It analyses the relevance of the types of corporate social responsibility programmes, managerial challenges related to implementing corporate social responsibility initiatives, and the relevance of frameworks on corporate social responsibility practices for medium-sized companies. The study’s qualitative approach has enabled the study add to an understanding of how corporate social responsibility programmes contribute to benefits within the South African context. The implications for managers involve considering resource limitations and engaging stakeholders. This study acknowledges that corporate social responsibility is not limited to corporations anymore. It provides insights for implementing corporate social responsibility programmes in medium-sized businesses. This study contributes to the discourse on corporate social responsibility within medium-sized businesses. Its findings offer recommendations for organizations, policymakers and researchers who aim to enhance the impact of corporate social responsibility initiatives within the changing landscape of medium-sized businesses.
Appraising the role of the Zondo Commission in the fight against corruption in South Africa
Lumari Nel, Prof JD Van Romburgh
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of a commission of inquiry in the fight against corruption. The study explored available research on the history, roles, functions, and the mandate of a commission of inquiry. It includes the definitions of corruption and state capture and what type of anti-corruption institutions South Africa has available. The study found that a commission of inquiry is an impartial investigative body that investigates specific matters of public interest to uncover the truth. It compiles a report with recommendations for actions, prosecutions, policy changes, and reforms. Despite strong legislation against corruption, the implementation and capacity of the relevant institutions in South Africa still need to improve, which impairs the fight against corruption.
The qualitative research methodology in this study explored the data collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with industry leaders. The researchers diligently analysed the six overarching themes: advantages and disadvantages of a commission; corruption and state capture; the government; the media; roles and functions of a commission; and the Zondo Commission.
Ultimately, this research contributes to the insight into the role a commission of inquiry can play and whether there is a need for a permanent commission to address corruption specifically.
The Artificial Intelligence: Encoding the Philosophy of Empathy into Business Models
Schalk Croucamp , Piet Croucamp
Abstract
This paper explores the intersection of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the philosophy of empathy, and business, highlighting how these elements converge to shape modern business practices. AI has revolutionized various sectors by enhancing operational efficiency, driving innovation, and creating new opportunities for growth. Integrating empathy into AI systems, however, presents unique challenges and profound implications. This paper examines the ethical, epistemological, and ontological questions that arise when AI systems are designed to mimic human empathy. Ethical considerations include addressing biases and ensuring fairness in AI decision-making processes, which are critical in maintaining trust and accountability in business applications. The epistemological debate centres on whether AI can truly understand human emotions or merely simulate them, impacting its effectiveness in customer interactions and employee management. Ontologically, the potential for AI to achieve consciousness and moral agency raises questions about the nature of intelligence and identity. Through an analytical lens, this paper argues that embedding empathy in AI offers significant benefits, such as enhanced customer satisfaction and improved employee engagement, but requires a balanced approach that considers technical, ethical, and social dimensions. The findings provide a foundation for future research and development in AI-driven empathetic business models, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration.
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Economic Growth in Third-World Countries: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis
LJ Janse van Rensburg
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents significant opportunities for economic growth and innovation in third-world countries, yet its effective implementation faces unique challenges. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of AI applications in developing economies, addressing the lack of synthesised knowledge in this rapidly evolving field. Through a systematic literature review of 121 papers using the TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) framework, complemented by a bibliometric analysis of 3,770 articles, we investigate global AI trends, local opportunities, sector-specific innovations, and strategies to overcome barriers. Our findings reveal increasing AI applications in agriculture and healthcare, with a trend towards lightweight models suitable for resource-constrained environments. The integration of AI with IoT, blockchain, and 5G emerges as significant. While local resources present opportunities for context-specific solutions, limited infrastructure, skill gaps, and regulatory challenges hinder adoption. The bibliometric analysis uncovers potential language and geographic biases in current research. This study contributes theoretically by synthesising frameworks for understanding AI adoption in developing contexts and practically by offering insights for policymakers and managers. It provides a roadmap for strategic investments and capacity building, laying the groundwork for future research in this critical area of development economics and technology management.
Thematic Analysis of Artificial Intelligence in Sports: A Non-Technical Review (2020-2024)
John Beneke
Abstract
Artificial intelligence has become a common theme in most day-to-day discussions. Sports have been part of human history since prehistoric times and have developed into a multibillion-dollar industry. Moderate sports consumers and amateur enthusiasts face a unique challenge in understanding and benefiting from the rapidly growing field of artificial intelligence (AI) in sports. This study aims to identify the main themes of AI in sports from published research articles and conference proceedings between 2020 and 2024. The main themes were identified using content analyses. The 50 top-cited articles and conference proceedings between 2020 and 2024 were downloaded and analysed using Atlas.ti. The main themes identified were machine learning in sports, data collection through wearable technology, sports fans, and AI.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Business Education: Bibliometric analysis and future agenda
Matolwandile M. Mtotywa
Abstract
This bibliometric analysis study aims to understand the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in business education. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were the main sources of publication metadata and citation metrics (416 documents). The findings reveal that the research on Al in business education was almost non-existent until 2010, then increased exponentially after 2018. The conceptual structure keywords trend-specific phrases from about 2010 to 2022 were decision support systems, and more recently, ChatGPT and computational linguistics. Themes that exhibited a high level of development that organised the study field were AI in decision support systems and decision-making. Others included linkage of AI to other transformative technologies, humans (human-technology interaction), student, teaching, and e-learning, and then artificial intelligence, learning, systems, and deep learning which cut both the motor and basic themes. Additionally, analyses of intellectual structure and social structure maps show low levels of scientific collaboration and relationships between researchers, institutions, and countries. This research contributes to shaping the future agenda, which includes integrative thinking to resolve the dilemma of AI in business education. It also contributes to understanding the need for ethical use and governance and strengthening AI in education with other transformative technologies. Finally, in research that will help develop guidelines to maximise human-computer cognitive efficiency and grounding theories of AI use in business education.
Future-proofing South Africa’s retail workforce: Strategies for bridging the skills gap in the 4IR
Norman Mafuratidze, Isolde Lubbe (Ward)
Abstract
The rapid advance of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), is transforming the retail sector. AI is revolutionising retail by enabling personalised shopping experiences, enhancing customer service through chatbots and virtual assistants, optimising inventory management, enabling dynamic pricing, improving visual search, detecting and preventing fraud, and enriching in-store experiences with smart mirrors and AI-powered robots. This technological shift, however, has created a significant skills gap in South Africa’s retail workforce. This study explores strategies to bridge this gap and to ensure workforce adaptability in the 4IR era. Using a qualitative approach rooted in interpretivism, insights were drawn from interviews with retail experts and higher education stakeholders. The research focused on two areas: examining key digital trends in South Africa’s retail sector, and assessing the role of work-integrated learning (WIL) in fostering collaboration between academia and industry. The findings highlight noteworthy 4IR trends, such as the rise of online retail and AI innovations, and underline WIL as crucial to equipping graduates with industry-relevant skills. Challenges such as securing WIL placements and post-WIL employment are identified, and strategies are proposed to standardise WIL programmes and foster academia–industry partnerships to ensure the resilience of South Africa’s retail workforce.
Optimising Administrative Efficiency in the 4IR Era through AI applications: A systematic review
Abdul Feroz Maluleke
Abstract
In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), businesses are increasingly adopting technological innovations to automate administrative processes, ensuring their competitiveness and sustainability. This paper investigates the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into organisational administration, presenting it as a transformative tool for enhancing operational efficiency and effectiveness. AI technologies such as natural language processing, ChatGPT, machine learning, and robotic process automation enable organisations to streamline administrative tasks, optimise resource allocation, and facilitate data-driven decision-making. Using the PRISMA methodology, we analysed 70 publications from the Web of Science (WoS) database to uncover key insights into AI’s role in administrative processes. We used VOSviewer to analyse/depict keyword occurrence to identify hotspots in the field. Our study identifies five primary areas of AI integration: Human Resources Management, Administration and Management, Hospital and Healthcare Administration, Education Administration, and Publication Administration. Additionally, we explore the managerial implications of AI adoption in these administrative sectors, offering insights into how businesses can leverage AI capabilities to navigate the complexities of the digital age and achieve sustainable long-term success.
A Reinforcement Learning paradigm for Generative AI Applications in Business
Professor Gabriel Kabanda
Abstract
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is revolutionizing content creation and natural language comprehension, with large language models (LLMs) and AI generating original content in various modalities, such as text, photos, audio, and videos. Machine Learning (ML) with a hypothesis-based, goal-oriented approach called Reinforcement Learning (RL) that accomplishes long-term objectives through leveraging interactions with the environment. This study aims to establish the Reinforcement Learning (RL) paradigm for GenAI applications in business, using Python to implement RL Q-Learning and the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) algorithms. The pragmatism-based study used a positivist, quantitative approach to identify the RL paradigm for GenAI business applications, and was also explanatory, exploratory, and descriptive. An analysis of GenAI’s business applications was done using the 370-person sample size of the study population comprising staff members and clients of five commercial banks in Zimbabwe. The A3C algorithm was found to be simpler and perform better in the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) task. The A3C algorithm, which is premised on Q-Learning in DRL, can be used to combat cybersecurity risks. Because Generative AI can automate tasks that take 60–70% of an employee’s time, it has the potential to dramatically improve the global economy, especially in the banking, high-tech, and life sciences sectors.
Developing a Unified Ubuntu Scale and AI-Driven Psychometric Innovation
Renier Steyn, Pumela Msweli
Abstract
Ubuntu, a key philosophical concept from Africa focusing on community and human connections, lacks a robust, standardized measurement scale. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Ubuntu scale by synthesizing elements from existing tools and employing artificial intelligence (AI). Extensive review of existing Ubuntu measurement tools lead to compiling a comprehensive list of 104 items across five measures. These items were then processed through an AI language model (ChatGPT) to simulate exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for initial scale development. Subsequently, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)-like approach was used to refine the scale, adhering to a structured Ubuntu framework. The initial analysis led to two new measures. The EFA simulation identified five themes resonating with Ubuntu’s essence, while the CFA-like approach, constrained by the 104 items, was less effective, yielding a suboptimal item selection. Removing these constraints and allowing ChatGPT to access broader resources resulted in a more effective Ubuntu scale. This scale demonstrates strong content validity and relevance. This research not only presents a new, comprehensive tool for measuring Ubuntu but also highlights AI’s potential in developing psychometric instruments by leveraging extensive data pools. This scale is recommended for further research and application in studies involving Ubuntu.
Convergence of the European Union and some aspirant countries in terms of socio-economic development
Abstract
Convergence is a key concept in many economic theories. It also plays a major role in comparing development trends of different types of objects. The classical concept deals with GDP differences’ equalizing over time. But, with the theory evolution, the concept has been expanded to include convergence issues according to different socio-economic aspects. We focus on socio-economic development explained by synthetic measures employing taxonomic distance (SMD). Our goal is to study convergence in such sense for the European Union (EU) member states and some countries aspiring to join the EU. The use of SMD measures in the study is based on the rationale that socio-economic development is a multidimensional process that cannot be effectively described by a single variable (i.e., GDP). Thus, we defined an appropriate measure, described the selection of variables and the nature and limitations of the method. We examined the socio-economic development of selected countries for years 2000-2019 and estimated their convergence. We conclude that Western Balkans aspiring to EU membership display, albeit distant, development convergence. We showed that in the pre-accession processes, the aspirants did not effectively use the aid funds they received.
Success Factors of Midsize 3D Printing Companies in USA and Germany: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
Midsize Companies (MCs), characterised by their small ownership structures and limited recognition, have significantly contributed to the economy over many years, offering valuable insights into the factors contributing to their success. Successful MCs often evolve into Hidden Champions (HC), becoming leaders in niche markets. These companies are more prevalent in Germany, known as the classical Mittelstand, than in the United States of America (USA), highlighting a potential cultural influence on their establishment and growth. This study examines two midsize companies in the three-dimensional (3D) printing sector: 3D Systems Inc. from the USA and SLM Solutions AG from Germany. By analysing both financial and non-financial performance indicators, this research identifies notable distinctions in maturity levels, market strategies, customer bases, and other operational aspects. Additionally, the study explores how cultural differences, as defined by Hofstede’s dimensions, impact the operations of these companies within their respective national contexts. The dynamic nature of the 3D printing industry provides a rich context to investigate what differentiates American and German MCs within this sector. The paper concludes that substantial long-term investment in research and development is essential for the 3D printing industry to achieve profitability in a more mature phase.
Delegates’ Perceptions of the International Business Conference(IBC)
Abstract
Academic tourism refers to local and international travel by academics, researchers and students who visit different locations primarily for educational purposes. Academic tourism includes conferences and seminars that provide opportunities for academics to present research papers, network, develop professionally and expand their academic and research horizons. Academics must conduct and publish research in journals and present papers at conferences. The International Business Conference (IBC) has been hosted for the past 17 years in different locations in Southern Africa and has been attended by over 2000 academics and researchers.
The objective of this study is to determine the perceptions of the delegates who have attended IBC conferences in the past years. The study used mixed methods and the quantitative data were statistically analysed. The qualitative responses were thematically analysed, including an analysis by ChatGPT and Claude. All 58 respondents attended one or more IBC conferences the past years. The Theory of Events was used to develop a model for academic conference events. The findings indicate that most of the respondents enjoyed the international locations where the conferences were held, specifically Mauritius. The respondents indicated that the conferences were well organised, provided an opportunity for networking and a platform for younger researchers to present their research. The findings identify the factors conference organisers need to consider when planning and organising a conference. The findings contribute to the latest knowledge on the still under-researched field of academic tourism.
Assessing Youth Participation in Agricultural Cooperatives in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Abstract
Youth participation in agricultural cooperatives is critical for the sustainability and economic development of rural areas in South Africa. This study investigates the factors influencing youth involvement in agricultural cooperatives in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from two agricultural cooperatives through questionnaires and interviews with 200 cooperative members as well as qualitative interviews with officials from South Africa’s Department of Social Development. The findings reveal that while the youth constitute a significant portion of the population, their participation in cooperatives remains low. Key barriers include poor perception of agriculture, lack of incentives, and inadequate education. The study recommends targeted policies to enhance youth engagement, including awareness campaigns, improved educational programs, and financial incentives. Increasing youth participation is essential to ensure the sustainability of cooperatives and to meet the developmental goals set by Agenda 2063.
Social Economic Factors Influencing Banana Tissue Culture Adoption in Kiminini Constituency in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya
Abstract
Banana tissue culture is a technology that produces disease-free and high-yielding banana plants, offering potential benefits for smallholder farmers. Despite these advantages, adoption rates remain low in many areas. Therefore, this study explores the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of banana tissue culture in Kiminini, a constituency in Trans Nzoia County, Kenya. Using a descriptive methodology, a survey of 250 growers of banana tissue cultures was considered for the research. Chi-square, logistic regression, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The means between adoption categories for numerical characteristics were significant at the five percent significance level. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the responses from the qualitative data, and the results are shown in tables. The outcome from logistic regression analysis showed that access to farm inputs, education level, cost of seedlings, ability to buy land, extension services, and financing were all statistically significant at the 1 percent level. Consequently, it was determined that the adoption of tissue culture bananas was significantly influenced by social and economic factors. The findings provide insights for policymakers and agricultural extension services aiming to enhance the adoption of innovative agricultural technologies in rural Kenya.
Work (in)equality among marginalised groups in South Africa: A lens through dimensions of agricultural cooperatives
Abstract
This study examines the labour market outcomes of South African agricultural cooperative members using data from the Cooperative Data Analysis System database, focusing on their agricultural cooperatives in South Africa. A 2017 database of 3,197 cases was analysed, and 387 cooperatives with complete data were selected. Principal component analysis was conducted to comprehend the data structure related to membership dimensions. The KMO measure was 0.762, while Bartlett’s test of sphericity was statistically significant at p<0.001. Eight principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted for 81.90% of the data’s variation. The study reveals a significant gender disparity in management positions, with female representation significantly lower than male representation. The study also reveals a significant diversity and inclusion of members across various age and gender groups in the extracted principal components. The results also demonstrate the inclusivity of members who live with a disability. The study reveals that marginalised agricultural cooperative members play crucial roles. The investigation emphasises the significance of agricultural cooperatives in enabling the inclusion of marginalised members and their crucial roles. The study underscores the importance of capacity building in cooperatives and their members, as these institutions can effectively tackle work inequality among marginalised groups in rural areas.
Efficiency through Communication and Stakeholder Interrelationships in Emerging Poultry Farming Co-operatives in the North-West Province of South Africa
Abstract
This paper looks at the interrelationship between efficiency level, communication, and stakeholders in emerging agricultural cooperatives. We collected data from 24 emerging cooperatives, each with an average of 8 individual members, through purposive sampling, specifically targeting poultry cooperatives. We analyzed the data using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Social Network Analysis (SNA). Technical efficiency results found that, on average, emerging farming cooperatives in the province are 71 percent efficient. The implication is that cooperatives have a 29% window to improve their efficiency level and reduce waste to operate optimally. Furthermore, a TE score of 1 indicated the technical efficiency of six DMUs (3, 7, 10, 19, and 23). This finding suggests that cooperatives are optimally resourcing. However, SNA results revealed strong and frequent communication between input suppliers and emerging cooperative farmers. However, few net-chain players were involved in bird slaughter and feather removal (cleaning). The results also show that reliability between processors and farmers is weak due to poor communication. Furthermore, there are inadequate formal contracts between the net-chain stakeholders, leading to minimal cooperation between processors and consumers. The reason is that most consumers prefer to buy live chickens and eggs directly from farmers. This study revealed that most emerging cooperatives heavily rely on government support through skills training, extension support, and input supply. The government offers these services for free, resulting in a one-way relationship between government support and farmers, rather than a reciprocal one. This study demonstrated a formally poor relationship between emerging farmers and financial institutions, which confirms lower cooperation, communication frequency, and dependency of cooperatives in South Africa. For improved cooperative efficiency, the study recommends deliberate improvements in communication and interrelationships between farmers and other stakeholders.
Adopting precision farming in the maise triangle of South Africa
Rouxet Buitendag, Christo Bisschoff
Abstract
Maise farming is essential to sustainable food security in South Africa. However, due to climate change, these farmers are challenged by the agriculture cost squeeze, droughts, and ailing yields. Farmers must consider alternative management strategies to increase yields and consider the environment. Preserving the environment and feeding the world has become challenging, and ineffective farming practices remain the norm. Alternative methods, such as precision farming, have been proven to increase yield, lower long-term input costs, and lead to better farm management practices. Precision farming allows farmers to collect data and make informed decisions, optimising weak farm areas and reducing input costs. Using a qualitative research design and interviews with farmers in the maize triangle, it was concluded that farmers experienced increased yields and improved profit margins after one season of implementing precision farming techniques. Although they struggled with poor support systems, they overcame the significant barriers and enjoyed the benefits of precision farming. This management practice is sustainable but underutilised. This study recommends how farmers could overcome significant barriers (such as initial costs) independently, with or without the help of agricultural companies, and increase the adoption of precision farming.