2025 Publications
Proceedings of the 18th International Business Conference for 2025
ISBN: 978-0-7961-8362-0
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Investigating the relationships between job stress, risk propensity and emotional intelligence in the mining industry
CS Jonker, HH Viljoen, LT De Beer
Abstract
Employees frequently encounter job stress, which influences decision-making by affecting both risk propensity and emotional intelligence (EI). Considering EI is important for assisting employees in managing stress. This study investigated the relationships between job stress, risk propensity, and EI, and examined whether EI relates to risk propensity through job stress. Data were collected from employees in key functions of the South African mining industry using self-report questionnaires and a gamification instrument, applying a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. Findings revealed that job stress was positively related to erratic risk aversion and negatively to erratic risk taking. Self-focused emotion regulation was negatively associated with job stress and positively with consistent risk taking, while other-focused emotion appraisal was positively associated with erratic risk taking. Only one indirect relationship emerged: self-focused emotion regulation influenced erratic risk taking via job stress. These insights highlight the role of risk propensity and EI in workplace decision-making, with implications for human error and safety. Managers should foster a safety culture and implement interventions that enhance EI to mitigate stress-related risks. The study contributes to literature by clarifying these interrelationships and offering practical guidance for hazardous work environments like mining
A CASE FOR EMPLOYER BRANDING IN OPTIMISING FINANCIAL REWARDS
A.F. Schlechter, Charlene Gerber, J.A. Horn
Abstract
The purpose of the research study was to investigate, within the context of reward optimisation, the influence of employer brand and remuneration on perceived job attractiveness. A 22 full-factorial field experiment was designed for the purposes of the research study. A 2×2 between-subjects Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilised to assess the differences in perceived job attractiveness as a function of remuneration (remuneration well-above the industry norm present or not present), employer brand (desirable employer brand present or not present), as well as their interaction (remuneration*employer brand). Four fictitious job advertisements were designed, with the stimuli manipulated. Respondents (n = 161) were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions and asked to rate the attractiveness of the job advertisement they were exposed to. Statistically significant main and interaction effects were found. The presence of 1) remuneration well-above the industry norm, 2) a desirable employer brand, and 3) the interaction term causally led to significantly higher levels of perceived job attractiveness. Notably, the presence of a desirable employer brand yielded not significantly different levels of perceived job attractiveness in the absence of remuneration well-above the industry norm. The findings suggest that having a desirable employer brand or being an employer of choice may offer organisations a remuneration discount. Few experimental studies that enable causal inferences are conducted in business science and HR research. Limited research exists that has employed a field experiment to investigate the impact of employer brand and remuneration level on perceived job attractiveness.
Conceptualising through Triangulation: The Case of Ubuntu
Renier Steyn, Pumela Msweli
Abstract
Conceptual clarity is fundamental to the advancement of scholarly dialogue and scientific progress. Without robust definitions, scholars are ill-equipped to build upon one another’s work, develop theory, design valid measurements, or influence practice. This article aims to demonstrate how a triangulation design can sharpen construct clarity on Ubuntu. Guided by the logic of convergence, four complementary studies (drawing on a pool of qualitative definitions, psychometric item sets, factor-analytic results, and a systematic text analysis of 50 articles) were integrated. Through this triangulated approach, a set of convergent elements (dignity-respect, empathy-compassion, and relational interconnectedness) was identified, forming the nucleus of a Ubuntu definition. Complementary elements (collective survival and Sub-Saharan provenance) were retained to enrich the conceptualisation. Emergent elements, not corroborated across sources, were excluded. The working definition demonstrated high thematic consistency across epistemologically diverse studies, supporting a critical-realist perspective that partial insights can approximate a more comprehensive understanding of reality. This study contributes to concept-building methodology by illustrating how triangulation can move scholarship beyond abstract rhetoric toward empirically grounded insights.
A critical analysis of microaggression measures and recommendations for future research
Sean McCallaghan, Renier Steyn
Abstract
Microaggressions (MA) represent brief, everyday discriminatory actions targeting minority individuals. This study aimed to identify, assess, and categorise prevalent measures of MA to determine the most effective measurement tool. A systematic review of scholarly articles was conducted to identify commonly utilised MA measurement tools. Assessment criteria to find the ideal tool included reliability and validity. Out of the initial pool of 103 articles, 25 measurement tools for MA were examined and subsequently ranked. The Racial and Ethnic Microaggression Scale (REMS) has emerged as a widely employed measure, while the Homonegative Microaggressions Scale (HMS) has demonstrated the broadest theoretical applicability. Despite the numerous MA measurement options available, meticulous evaluation led to the selection of the HMS as the preferred tool. Utilising this measure, it is believed, will contribute most to the development of a theoretically robust knowledge base. The systematic and scientific scrutiny which HMS offers can facilitate future studies and enhance the standing of MA examinations within the fields of behavioural and social sciences. By recommending the HMS as the preferred instrument, this study provides managers, practitioners, and organisational psychologists with a reliable and validated tool for diagnosing workplace MA, monitoring diverse climates, and evaluating the effectiveness of inclusion interventions, thereby strengthening organisational capacity to identify systemic bias, design evidence-based responses, and build inclusive cultures that support employee wellbeing and performance.
The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Relationship Between Job Resources and Work Identity
Roslyn de Braine, Nelesh Dhanpat, Linda Van Rensburg
Abstract
Contemporary workplaces increasingly recognise the importance of employee well-being and identity formation in driving performance and retention. Whilst job resources and work identity relationships are theoretically established, the underlying psychological mechanisms facilitating these relationships remain inadequately understood. This study examined the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between job resources and work identity among South African employees. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed with 224 employees from a clinical organisation. Participants completed validated instruments measuring job resources (growth opportunities, organisational support, advancement), psychological capital (hope, efficacy, resilience, optimism), and work identity. Data were analysed using SPSS and the PROCESS macro, with mediation analyses conducted using Baron and Kenny’s four-step approach. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive relationships between psychological capital, resources and work identity variables. Mediation analyses demonstrated that psychological capital completely mediated relationships between growth opportunities and work identity, and between composite job resources and work identity. Organisational support showed partial mediation through psychological capital, whilst advancement opportunities failed to demonstrate mediation due to non-significant relationships with psychological capital. Findings indicate that job resources influence work identity primarily through psychological capital development rather than direct pathways. Growth opportunities and organisational support effectively build psychological capital, which subsequently enhances work identity formation. The results suggest organisations should prioritise psychological capital interventions and supportive environments over traditional advancement-focused approaches to enhance employee identity and related outcomes.
Exploring employee perceptions on the politicisation of Talent Management Processes in the City of Johannesburg’s Public Sector
Dr A S Pelser , Dr M T Morokwane, Prof A M F Pelser, Prof A Litheko
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of politicisation on talent management (TM) systems within the South African public sector, with a specific focus on the City of Johannesburg. In contexts marked by political appointments, nepotism, and job insecurity, TM practices often deviate from principles of fairness, transparency, and meritocracy. These dynamics threaten institutional trust, staff morale, and the overall effectiveness of governance.
Methods: The study adopts a qualitative case study design grounded in an interpretivist paradigm. Seventeen municipal employees from diverse strata within the City of Johannesburg were purposively sampled and interviewed using semi-structured interview protocols. The data were analysed thematically, drawing on both inductive insights and deductive codes informed by organisational justice theory and social exchange theory. Document triangulation with municipal HR materials and official reports was also conducted to contextualise and validate findings.
Findings: The analysis reveals that political interference in human resource processes undermines procedural fairness, weakens perceptions of distributive and interactional justice, and erodes the psychological contract between employees and the municipality. This contributes to diminished motivation, disengagement, and institutional mistrust. Participants described TM systems as opaque, politically compromised, and lacking legitimacy. The findings underscore an urgent need for policy reform to restore merit-based HR practices, enhance transparency, and rebuild employee trust in TM systems.
Methods: The study adopts a qualitative case study design grounded in an interpretivist paradigm. Seventeen municipal employees from diverse strata within the City of Johannesburg were purposively sampled and interviewed using semi-structured interview protocols. The data were analysed thematically, drawing on both inductive insights and deductive codes informed by organisational justice theory and social exchange theory. Document triangulation with municipal HR materials and official reports was also conducted to contextualise and validate findings.
Findings: The analysis reveals that political interference in human resource processes undermines procedural fairness, weakens perceptions of distributive and interactional justice, and erodes the psychological contract between employees and the municipality. This contributes to diminished motivation, disengagement, and institutional mistrust. Participants described TM systems as opaque, politically compromised, and lacking legitimacy. The findings underscore an urgent need for policy reform to restore merit-based HR practices, enhance transparency, and rebuild employee trust in TM systems.
Reskilling Payment Processors for Robotic Process Automation in Banking
Joseph, R.M., Nesindande, A.R.
Abstract
Digital changes in the South African banking sector have altered banking jobs. Robotic process automation (RPA) specifically enables software to take over repetitive tasks previously performed by employees. The purpose of the study was to explore the experiences of payment processors in commercial banking following RPA implementation. With RPA taking over manually repetitive tasks, organisations have an opportunity to reskill employees to perform other value-adding business activities. Drawing from technology adoption, change management and competency-based theories, the study sought to explore how employees experienced RPA implementation and specifically to understand the new competencies required of payment processors because of RPA implementation.
This study used an exploratory qualitative approach, in which interviews were conducted with 12 employees within the payment processing function of a commercial banking organisation following RPA implementation. The themes that emerged included clarity regarding business rationale, the change journey, implications for processes and roles, required competencies and the future of RPA. When implementing RPA, change management must be considered by management and the HR function. Different reactions that employees have to such change can be incorporated into the change management plan through considering the technology acceptance model. The HR function has a crucial role in identifying future competencies and assisting in the evolution of the affected roles. The study makes practical recommendations for management and the HR function regarding technology change implementation. New competencies for the future payment processor role were identified.
This study used an exploratory qualitative approach, in which interviews were conducted with 12 employees within the payment processing function of a commercial banking organisation following RPA implementation. The themes that emerged included clarity regarding business rationale, the change journey, implications for processes and roles, required competencies and the future of RPA. When implementing RPA, change management must be considered by management and the HR function. Different reactions that employees have to such change can be incorporated into the change management plan through considering the technology acceptance model. The HR function has a crucial role in identifying future competencies and assisting in the evolution of the affected roles. The study makes practical recommendations for management and the HR function regarding technology change implementation. New competencies for the future payment processor role were identified.
Managerial perspectives on regulating personal social media use in South African workplaces
Prudence Nyetanyane , Freda van der Walt
Abstract
The integration of personal social media usage into the fabric of daily life presents a complex, regulatory challenge for contemporary workplaces. This study explored how managers in South African workplaces navigated and enforced the use of personal social media by employees during work hours. This study was conducted from a qualitative research methodology. Drawing from rich interview data from twelve managerial-level participants, this study investigated the ways, or lack thereof, employed to manage such usage in the workplace, the perceived effectiveness of existing social media policies, the role of training initiatives, as well as the use of disciplinary measures to ensure compliance. Thematic analysis revealed a challenge with managers often being caught between advocating for employee autonomy while attempting to enforce organisational control. Despite the presence of formal policies in the workplace, inconsistencies in enforcement, ambiguity around acceptable and responsible use, and gaps in training persist, thus undermining uniform regulation. Participants further raised concerns about the reputational risks and performance-related consequences of unchecked personal social media engagement, especially in environments where policy distribution and monitoring remained limited. The findings suggested that there is a pressing need for more comprehensive and enforceable policy frameworks. The findings further suggested a need for effective training initiatives to cultivate employee awareness on the responsible use of personal social media in the workplace, proactive managerial support systems that balance the organisational imperatives of control and discipline with the evolving realities of personal social media usage in the workplace. This article contributes to the growing discourse on digital conduct in the workplace through providing grounded managerial insights that can inform policy development, organisational communication strategies, and workplace training interventions.
Indigenous leadership and talent sustainability: A study of attraction and retention in African tribes
Keiteng Matlapeng, Anna-Marie Pelser
Abstract
Talent management has become one of the key issues for leaders of global organisations, and the bulk of talent management research focuses on the wider multinational market context. Conceptual research in talent management is scarce despite the importance to small and medium sized enterprise. Much research has been done on talent management from a Western perspective, however there is still an array of shortcomings on the concept. Evidence can be found in academic work and articles on talent management on a global market for small and medium business enterprises. Talent management is perceived as lacking in terms of definitions and theoretical development and there is comparative lack of empirical evidence on the topic. General problem is that there is intense competition for skilled employees across the world. Africa has experienced a significant human capital flight, resulting in the loss of skilled professionals to other countries. The specific problem is that, in existent academic literature, there appears to be a dearth of a talent management framework developed for tribal leaders under an African perspective to improve the lives of the tribal leaders and the tribal authorities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of Talent attraction and retention from the Perspective of African Tribal Leadership. This study was underpinned by three theories to develop the talent management framework: human capital, social capital, and the African traditional leadership. This inductive phenomenological qualitative study followed the social constructivism paradigm. Data was collected in the form of focus group discussions using a designed interview guide. One hundred and four participants were interviewed from the tribal authorities, including Human Resource Practitioners from Cooperative Governance for Traditional Affairs. Data were analysed using the thematic analysis technique. Participants indicated that the framework would serve as a source of reference for future generations.
A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Nurse Talent Management and Employee Retention
Dr MY Lerotholi
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine how talent management affects professional nurse retention.
This study utilised a quantitative research approach. To assess professional nurses’ attitudes and insights regarding talent management and employee retention, 504 nurses from three public hospitals participated in a survey.
It was found that talent management practices resulted in higher employee retention rates. Job security, a positive work environment, and a combination of strong leadership and rewards primarily drove staff retention. Retention strategies were found to be effective when these elements were present.
Job security, work climate, and superior guidance and rewards are suggested as three new factors to consider in retaining nurses. In addition to developing a conceptual framework for talent management practices, the study also identifies ways to improve employee retention by utilizing a multidimensional approach.
The study gives insight into how to maintain the viability of public hospitals by implementing talent management practices and employee retention strategies, focusing on strategies such as management commitment, talent acquisition, and creating a positive work environment. These practices can help hospitals attract and retain skilled healthcare professionals, ensuring high-quality patient care and long-term organisational success.
This study utilised a quantitative research approach. To assess professional nurses’ attitudes and insights regarding talent management and employee retention, 504 nurses from three public hospitals participated in a survey.
It was found that talent management practices resulted in higher employee retention rates. Job security, a positive work environment, and a combination of strong leadership and rewards primarily drove staff retention. Retention strategies were found to be effective when these elements were present.
Job security, work climate, and superior guidance and rewards are suggested as three new factors to consider in retaining nurses. In addition to developing a conceptual framework for talent management practices, the study also identifies ways to improve employee retention by utilizing a multidimensional approach.
The study gives insight into how to maintain the viability of public hospitals by implementing talent management practices and employee retention strategies, focusing on strategies such as management commitment, talent acquisition, and creating a positive work environment. These practices can help hospitals attract and retain skilled healthcare professionals, ensuring high-quality patient care and long-term organisational success.
The Perceived Effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the Future of Talent Management at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
TN Mmatabane
Abstract
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) is fundamentally transforming talent management paradigms, necessitating urgent adaptation in public-sector institutions. This study investigates HR practitioners’ perceptions of 4IR’s impact on TM at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa employing a semi-structured interview. The findings reveal three critical insights: A pronounced digital skills gap, in which respondents identified deficiencies in data literacy and AI competencies among municipal staff; Structural barriers including bureaucratic procurement systems and rigid job architectures that hinder agile role redesign; and Cultural resistance fueled by leadership’s limited digital fluency and employee fears of job displacement. Thematic analysis highlights the tension between existing compliance-focused TM systems and emerging needs for technological adaptability, with participants reporting updated competency frameworks aligned with 4IR demands. The study contributes a strategic TM framework for municipal 4IR readiness, emphasising: Dynamic competency models integrating mandatory digital benchmarks for promotions; Public-private upskilling partnerships leveraging micro-credentialing; and HR-IT taskforces to bridge policy-implementation gaps. These findings extend Human Capital Theory by demonstrating how digital competencies function as measurable public-sector assets. Practical recommendations include fast-tracked procurement for learning technologies and leadership development programs to drive cultural change. Limitations include a single-case focus and self-reported data, suggesting the need for cross-municipal comparative studies. The research provides empirical evidence of 4IR’s disruptive effects on public-sector TM and offers actionable pathways for municipalities to transition from bureaucratic inertia to future-ready workforce strategies.
The Role of Individual Coping Strategies in Mitigating Workplace Bullying Effects on Employee Psychological Well-being
Colleen Leclercq, Linda Ronnie
Abstract
Workplace bullying remains a pervasive organisational challenge with significant implications for employee psychological well-being. Despite established ethical standards and legislative frameworks, bullying continues to inflict considerable harm on individuals, teams, and organisations. This literature review examines the relationship between workplace bullying and employee psychological well-being, with particular focus on the moderating role of individual coping styles. Through a review of 72 studies spanning seminal and contemporary research, this paper explores how different coping strategies – ranging from passive avoidance to active problem-focussed approaches – affect the impact of bullying on employee well-being outcomes. Coping strategies emerge as critical moderating factors with problem-focussed approaches generally associated with better well-being outcomes compared to passive or emotion-focussed strategies. However, research demonstrates that victims often shift from active to passive coping as bullying intensifies, potentially exacerbating negative outcomes. Findings suggest that organisational culture, leadership behaviour, and available support systems significantly influence the effectiveness of individual coping strategies. This review contributes to understanding how personal coping mechanisms interact with workplace stressors to influence psychological well-being, providing insights for developing targeted interventions and organisational policies to protect employee mental health and enhance workplace productivity.
Empowering Transformation: The Role of Positive Employee Behaviour and Leadership in Shaping Organisational Culture in South African Higher Education
Nyikiwa Agreement Mavunda
Abstract
South African higher education institutions (HEIs) are undergoing complex transformation processes that require more than structural and policy reform as they demand meaningful shifts in organisational culture, leadership, and employee engagement. This study examines how leadership, employee behaviour, and organisational culture interact to drive transformation within South African higher education institutions (HEIs). Adopting a qualitative case study approach, data were collected from purposively selected academic and administrative staff (n = 15) through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis, supported by intercoder reliability checks and an audit trail, was employed to ensure trustworthiness. Themes were mapped directly to the study’s objectives, which foreground leadership practices, employee capabilities, and organisational culture alignment. Results reveal that inclusive and complexity-oriented leadership styles enable transformation by fostering psychological safety, innovation, and collaboration. Positive employee behaviours, particularly adaptability, cross-functional engagement, and digital fluency, emerge as critical mediators between leadership vision and cultural change. However, entrenched hierarchies, resource constraints, and uneven readiness for 4IR technologies limit transformation momentum. The integration of leadership theory with behavioural and cultural mechanisms offers a clearer pathway for human-capital-driven change, beyond structural reform. This paper advances transformation scholarship by proposing a novel conceptual framework that integrates inclusive leadership, behavioural alignment, and cultural transformation in the context of South African HEIs.
Integrating Human Resource Management and Operations Management Principles to Enhance Organisational Effectiveness in South Africa’s Public Sector
Bongani Sibiya, Johan Jordaan
Abstract
This study explores Human Resource Management (HRM) as a strategic contributor for organisational effectiveness, with a focus on South Africa’s public sector. Adopting a thematic approach, the study examines seven core HR domains: workforce planning, strategic human resource management (SHRM), training and development, employee wellness, change management, remuneration and rewards, and labour relations management. Based on recent literature (2019–2024), it identifies persistent gaps between policy intent and practice in government institutions, while offering comparative insights from the private sector to highlight contextual challenges and emerging best practices. The paper argues that the strategic repositioning of HR, supported by digital transformation and people-centred innovation, is essential to driving public sector efficiency, service delivery, and accountability. In conclusion, the paper proposes practical recommendations to strengthen HRM capabilities, realign functions with performance objectives, and build adaptive, inclusive human capital systems tailored to the public sector context. The paper serves as a conceptual foundation for future empirical research and policy reform.
Workplace Flourishing: Industrial-Organisational Psychologists as Counsellors and Coaches
Marieta du Plessis, Shunè Carelse, Linda Ronnie
Abstract
This study investigates the extent to which Industrial-Organisational Psychologists (IOPs), often employed in Human Resource Management (HRM) roles in South African organisations, are equipped to use counselling and coaching methods to support employee flourishing. A qualitative research design was used with convenience and snowball sampling. Twelve IOPs from the Western Cape Province, South Africa, participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed five key areas: IOPs’ conceptual clarity of counselling and flourishing; their practical exposure to flourishing-focused interventions; their perceived competence to facilitate such outcomes; barriers and constraints experienced in counselling for flourishing; and the use of coaching as a complementary or preferred approach. Findings suggest that while most participants favoured coaching over counselling, many demonstrated limited training in flourishing-specific methods. The study recommends enhancing IOP preparation and workplace HR practices through positive psychology and coaching integration, especially in complex organisational contexts.
Unpacking Job Crafting Efficacy: Preliminary findings
Kelley, Claire Clayton, Nelesh Dhanpat, Roslyn de Braine
Abstract
In contemporary work environments, characterised by increasing flexibility and hybrid arrangements, employee confidence in actively shaping their roles has become crucial for organisational effectiveness and individual wellbeing. While job crafting behaviours have been extensively studied, limited research exists examining individuals’ self-belief and confidence in their ability to engage in job crafting behaviours. This study explores the concept of job crafting efficacy, a novel theoretical contribution that extends existing job crafting theory by integrating self-efficacy principles. This qualitative study aims to understand how employees conceptualise job crafting efficacy and identify factors that influence their confidence in modifying job tasks, relationships, and cognitive aspects within their roles. The research was conducted within a global financial services organisation using a convenience sampling approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 participants across various organisational levels, with data analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis framework using ATLAS.ti software. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria ensured the trustworthiness of findings. The preliminary findings reveal that job crafting confidence is a multidimensional construct influenced by both individual and organisational factors. Participants demonstrate varying levels of confidence in modifying their roles, with leadership support and psychological safety emerging as critical enablers. Expertise and institutional knowledge provide authority for workplace modifications, while experiential learning through supported failure builds adaptive confidence. Organisational structures that balance autonomy with regulatory constraints facilitate innovation. Recognition and visibility serve as powerful motivators, suggesting that confidence is dynamically shaped by contextual factors rather than being purely individual. These findings contribute to job crafting theory by introducing job crafting efficacy as a distinct construct. Practically, the research provides organisations with insights for developing interventions that enhance employee confidence in role customisation, potentially improving job satisfaction, engagement, performance, and retention in flexible work environments.
The effects of leadership development programmes on service delivery within public institutions: A systematic review
Joelle Danielle Ngo Ndjama, Johan van der Westhuizen
Abstract
The public sector faces a constant challenge to improve service delivery while catering to the varied needs of its constituents. This evolving landscape demands leaders who can effectively manage intricate responsibilities and drive necessary changes, including restructuring and transformation. This study aims to investigate the effects of leadership development programmes on enhancing service quality in public institutions. Rooted in Behavioural Theory, which posits that effective leadership is a product of acquired skills, the research utilises a systematic literature review to consolidate existing insights. A systematic analysis of 55 articles suggests that leadership development can be categorised into two primary strategies, namely a structured approach, encompassing leadership coaching, formal mentorship, and self-directed growth, and an experiential learning approach, which focuses on learning through practical experiences and peer interactions. The study’s findings highlight that leadership extends beyond those in formal positions of authority; it includes the ability to influence, motivate, and guide others, a potential that resides within everyone, provided their innate abilities are cultivated. Consequently, it is recommended that public institutions prioritise effective leadership development programmes that integrate both structured and experiential learning, fostering a leadership culture capable of adapting to the changing demands of public service.
Job Crafting Dimensions as Predictors of Work Engagement: Evidence from a South African Financial Services Organisation
Nelesh Dhanpat, Nameera Munnisunker
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between job crafting dimensions and work engagement within a South African financial services organisation, addressing a critical gap in understanding how employees actively reshape their work experiences in highly regulated environments. Drawing upon Wrzesniewski and Dutton’s job crafting theory and employing Slemp and Vella-Brodrick’s tri-dimensional framework, the research investigates how task crafting, cognitive crafting, and relational crafting influence work engagement amongst financial services support professionals. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, utilising convenience sampling to collect data from 332 employees across entry-level to executive positions within a large financial services company operating in South Africa and Namibia. Data were gathered using the Job Crafting Questionnaire and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, with reliability coefficients above the .70 threshold. Statistical analyses included exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed significant positive correlations between all three job crafting dimensions and work engagement, with relational crafting demonstrating the strongest bivariate relationship. Multiple regression analysis indicated that cognitive crafting emerged as the strongest predictor of work engagement, followed by relational crafting and task crafting. These findings suggest that even within constrained regulatory environments, employees can enhance their engagement through cognitive reframing of work meaning, strategic relationship building, and selective task modification. The study contributes to job crafting theory by demonstrating its applicability in regulated industries and provides practical insights for enhancing employee engagement in similar organisational contexts through targeted interventions supporting employee-initiated job redesign activities.
Factors Affecting the Implementation of Fair Labour Practice in South African Organisations
Christen Letlhogonolo Pooe, Wilfred Isioma Ukpere
Abstract
South Africa has progressive labour laws to ensure equality and fair treatment of employees, but the application of its fair labour practices is not the same across various organisations. This article examines the factors influencing the implementation of fair labour practices in South African organisations. This research utilised a qualitative phenomenological method within an interpretive framework. The interviews were conducted with ten participants from two Johannesburg-based organisations in South Africa. The findings indicated that there are many factors that affect the implementation of fair labour practice. Participants confirmed HR’s role as pivotal in upholding fairness, additionally poor implementation of workplace policies particularly promotion, leave, and discipline was also found to compromise procedural fairness. Leadership also emerged as a significant factor, with ethical and honest leadership being cited as key to establishing fair organisational cultures. Limited familiarity with International Labour Organisation (ILO) standards also revealed a discrepancy between international commitment and national action. Recommendations to ensure a smooth implementation of fair labour practice in the organisation include empowering HR for fairness, address power imbalances, standardising policies and procedures, promoting ethical leadership and localising ILO Conventions.
Evaluating an intervention to cultivate a civility loop in a South African-based financial service organization
Savina Harrilall, Leon T. de Beer
Abstract
There has been no research done on the impact of civility interventions in cultivating civility and minimizing incivility within South African financial services. The research aimed to address the dearth of research on civility interventions in South Africa. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the M-Power intervention in promoting workplace civility by fostering a “civility loop”. Using adapted (in)civility scales, the study also explored the impact on witnessed (in)civility, work engagement, and learning. This longitudinal quantitative study used an experimental design with purposive and random sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to Experimental (n=24) and Control (n=33) groups, with pretests and post-tests. JuliusAI was used to analyze the data via mean difference testing across groups, and sentiment analysis was applied to qualitative feedback. The study found that the M-Power intervention showed a significant, positive impact on civility (though delayed) but no significant effect on incivility or work engagement. Learning outcomes were evident, aligning with M-Power’s aim to foster civility by raising awareness and response strategies, contributing to a more civil workplace climate. The findings underscore the effectiveness of positive psychology in fostering a “civility loop” and suggest the need for patience when assessing interventions and the necessity of reinforcement to sustain long-term benefits. This study contributes valuable insights into the impact of civility interventions and their effectiveness in fostering a more civil work climate.
Remuneration analytics of south African government low-income employees
MJ Maleka , TB Skosana, PM Tladi, C Mayavo
Abstract
This research analysed remuneration for low-income South African government employees. Our analysis of prior literature determined that compensation analysis was a new field of research and that similar research was rare. Some of these studies were conducted internationally, so this study has addressed the gap. The international literature also shows that human resource managers lack analytical skills in salary analysis. This study offers HRM practitioners the competency means to measure the relationship between the post levels and remuneration and the vertical inequality using the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. Moreover, the analysis utilised secondary data from employees at levels 1-10, including non-management low-income employees. The data were analysed using Excel, revealing that the monthly income of low-income employees ranged from R12,007 to R41,344.40. The lowest-income employees earn a living wage; previous studies revealed that employees are generally satisfied and engaged when earning R12,000 and above. Furthermore, the kurtosis and skewness values involving the salary analysis ranged from -1 to +1, indicating that the data were normally distributed. The findings of the regression (β = 3147.485, p < 0.05) and Pearson correlation (r = 0.96) depicted a positive correlation between the post level and monthly earnings, while the R-squared results showed that the post level contributions accounted for 92% of the employee’s remuneration. The Lorenz curve closely approximated the equality line, while the Gini coefficient was 0.24. Since the adjusted salary exceeded the consumer price index, the purchasing power of low-income workers would not be reduced. However, a higher wage bill can present a negative impact on other government activities. The study concludes with recommendations for managers and future research.
EFFECT OF TALENT ACQUISITION ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
JUSTUS NYONGESA WESONGA, JOHAN VAN DER WESTHUIZEN
Abstract
Organizational performance matters globally, especially in competitive, fast-changing workplaces. Since public colleges compete for talent, every corporation needs talent management. Kenyan government cuts hurt budgets like other state institutions. Some institutions suffer from infrastructure, training, pay, and collective bargaining due to cuts. Talent acquisition and organizational effectiveness at Maasai Mara University were investigated. The Study used the need hierarchy theory. The study included 608 teachers and non-teachers. A sample of 86. Taro Yamane calculated this sample. Standardized, closed-ended surveys collected data. A stratified random sample. Stratified simple random sampling was used. A pilot study with 30 Bomet University College students assessed questionnaire validity and reliability. Questionnaire reliability and validity were proved. Simple statistics included frequency, percentages, Pearson correlation, and MLR. Organizational performance improves with talent acquisition (r = 0.589; p-value = 0.000). The study found that talent acquisition affected organizational performance by 58.9%. The study will inform Kenyan public universities in the formulation of talent management and performance policies.
Recruitment in Organisations: A Qualitative Perspective from a Developing Country
Prof Molefe Maleka , Prof Juliet Townes, Dr Tatenda Marange
Abstract
The human resource management function significantly contributes to any business operation. However, acquiring suitable applicants to fill vacancies in these businesses can be challenging. Research into current recruitment practices is sparse. This research study aimed to investigate the nature of recruitment used by organisations within a developing country. This study adopted an interpretivist paradigm, descriptive research design, and qualitative research approach. In terms of the latter, researchers sought to extract in-depth information from the participants. Data were obtained from 60 participants directly involved in recruitment using semi-structured interviews. The researchers used descriptive analysis to summarise and interpret the quantitative data collected, with thematic analysis used to analyse the qualitative data. LinkedIn was found to be the leading social media platform for attracting younger candidates and expanding the talent pipeline. The researchers identified the following three themes discussed in further detail: the pros and cons of e-recruitment, the use of recruitment agencies, and the problems experienced during hiring decision-making. It was found that Human Resource Management practitioners should re-evaluate their approach to recruitment and embrace the role of change agents during the transition into the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Enhancing proficiency in e-recruitment, alongside improving decision-making and communication skills, is also critical. Thus, organisations are encouraged to revise policies to prioritise e-recruitment for its efficiency, despite the study’s limitation of using a cross-sectional research design that potentially provided a one-sided perspective.
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Macpherson, W.
Abstract
This study investigated employee perceptions of performance management practices in contemporary South Africa workplaces, with a specific focus on corporate governance principles, namely accountability, fairness, transparency and responsibility. The main objective was to explore employee perceptions on various aspects of performance management and to ascertain whether these perceptions differed based on work arrangements (on-site versus flexible), demographics, and the utilisation of formal performance management systems. Drawing on a quantitative approach with an online survey of 178 employees from diverse sectors in South Africa, the study’s findings reveal that employees predominantly hold themselves most accountable for managing their performance. Notably, the study found no significant differences in employee perceptions of the quality of the performance management system, agreements, or appraisals based on working arrangements (on-site versus flexible). The results also highlight the critical role of formal performance management systems in embedding corporate governance principles within organisations. The study’s implications suggest the need for organisations and managers to re-emphasise the value of performance management as a mechanism for ensuring accountability and fairness, particularly in flexible work settings. Furthermore, the findings challenge previous notions of remote workers perceiving performance management as less fair, indicating a potential shift in employee responsibility and organisational practices.
Exploring the significant differences between marital statuses in relation to Administrative employees’ motivation
Godfrey Maake, Cornelia Harmse
Abstract
Motivation plays a critical part in organisational success. One of the aspects that influences motivation is demographic profiling of employees, such as marital status. Motivation has the power to impact employees’ behaviour within the organisation. The study seeks to examine the significant differences in motivational factors among administrative employees across different marital statuses and its implications for employee performance in the selected Government department. The current study adopted a quantitative approach. A structured questionnaire was used to collect and analyse data using the Statistical Package of Social Science Program (SPSS). The research targeted 150 administrative employees from a population of 463. Non-probability convenience sampling was utilised to choose respondents. The study discovered that job characteristics were the only factors significantly influencing motivation in these two demographic categories (married and never married). No statistically significant differences between never-married and married individuals in terms of “reward, goal setting, feedback, salary, opportunity for advancement, working conditions, recognition and appreciation, training and development, job security, performance appraisals, and leadership”. To avoid a one-size-fits-all strategy, management and HR practitioners must establish work designs that allow and give adequate management interventions tailored to the needs of individual employees and expectations.
Deconstructing Challenges in Implementing Talent Management Strategies in a South African Mining Company
Ntseliseng Khumalo, Lesego Seima, Lungile Ntsizwane, William Makumbe
Abstract
Companies are beginning to understand that the key to success in today’s increasingly competitive business environment is attracting and retaining top talent. This study aims to explore the obstacles faced by a mining company in South Africa in the implementation of talent management. A qualitative exploratory research approach was employed within an interpretivist research paradigm, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of the topic. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 10 individuals using a purposive sampling technique to ensure a diverse range of insights. The participants included HR managers, assistant managers, analysts, specialists, and both senior and junior personnel. Thematic analysis was utilised, enabling a thorough interpretation of qualitative data through triangulation with relevant literature on the subject. The findings identified several challenges to implementing talent management strategies, including resource limitations, cultural barriers, and resistance to change. The study emphasised the vital role of talent managers in linking strategy and execution, thereby fostering a more integrated approach to talent management. This research offers practical advice, enhancing personnel management techniques tailored to the unique dynamics of the South African mining sector. The insights gained can inform future policies and frameworks, promoting an environment conducive to talent development and organisational performance.
Brand Trust and Purchase Intentions in Entrepreneurial Beauty and Fashion Ventures: Evidence from South Africa
Mr Tshegofatso Monamodi , Ms Khanya Ngcobo, Prof Tinashe Chuchu3, Dr Chuma Diniso
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the underlying factors that shape consumer perceptions within South Africa’s beauty and fashion landscape. As elements such as haircare and fragrances significantly contribute to how individuals present themselves and feel confident, the study positioned these aspects as central to consumer behaviour. Grounded in Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study adopted a behavioural lens to explore how purchase intentions can be anticipated. Specifically, the research evaluated the influence of Brand Experience (BE), Brand Commitment (BC), and Brand Satisfaction (BS) on Brand Trust (BT), and further analysed how BT affects Purchase Intention (PI). A quantitative methodology was employed, aligned with a positivist research paradigm, and data were collected using non-probability sampling techniques from 323 South African respondents aged 18 years and older. The analysis revealed that 58.2% of respondents allocated more of their spending to hairstyles, while 41.8% spent more on fragrance products. Additionally, 13.6% expressed a preference for premium or luxury brands. Interestingly, BE showed no statistically significant impact on BT, whereas BS emerged as the strongest predictor. These findings offer important contributions to the literature on beauty, fashion, and luxury consumer behaviour, particularly by providing insights reflective of the South African market.
An Exploration of Determinants of Major Obstacles Facing SMEs in Botswana
Pumela Msweli , Aman Mdewa Nthangu
Abstract
This study investigates the main obstacles that hinder the performance and growth of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Botswana, focusing on how these challenges vary by firm size, sector, and region. Using cross-sectional data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (2023), the research applies an ordered probit regression model to assess the likelihood that different business barriers, such as access to finance, electricity, licensing, tax administration, and workforce quality, are perceived as the biggest obstacle by firms. The findings indicate that access to finance, land, and electricity are the most frequently reported challenges, especially among micro and small firms and those outside urban areas. Medium-sized firms are more likely to identify tax procedures, licensing, and political instability as significant barriers, while service sectors like hotels and retail are more affected by regulatory complexity and crime. The study employs Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View to explain how external regulations and internal firm resources interact to constrain SME growth. Policy recommendations include simplifying tax and licensing systems, improving infrastructure in underserved areas, increasing access to finance, and aligning workforce training with SME needs. These findings provide a data-driven foundation for developing targeted, inclusive strategies to support Botswana’s SME sector.
The effect of student motivation on entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial self-efficacy
Adolph C Neethling
Abstract
Entrepreneurship education (EE) is widely acknowledged as a key contributor towards the development of entrepreneurial competencies and intentions. By developing the entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of individuals, greater entrepreneurial behaviour is likely to follow. However, the student’s level of interest in entrepreneurship, expressed hereafter as motivation, may impact the effectiveness of the EE programme. This study focuses on the role of entrepreneurship education towards developing ESE and investigates the interaction effect of student motivation – specifically, the degree to which student motivation impacts the development of students’ self-efficacy. The study is conducted amongst undergraduate students enrolled in a semester-long entrepreneurship module at two South African universities that offer a similar entrepreneurship module. Drawing on Bandura’s social cognitive theory—which highlights the domain-specific nature of self-efficacy, this study measures ESE across six entrepreneurial dimensions. A quasi-experimental design was employed using pre- and post-tests to compare changes in ESE, with 599 and 144 students responding to the two tests, respectively. A factor analysis was conducted to identify the key motivational drivers for enrolling in the course, which enabled the measurement of the moderating effect of motivation on ESE. Using Type III ANOVA, the study finds that EE significantly improves students’ ESE, but that the degree of development varies relative to the initial motivation levels. Students with lower motivation reported greater gains in ESE, while highly motivated students showed minimal to no change, suggesting a re-evaluation of the curriculum to achieve greater alignment with the needs of the preferred beneficiary of the entrepreneurship module. This study contributes to the discourse on how educators can better align EE interventions with student needs to maximise their impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy development.
Exploring the Use of Generative AI for low capital startup Ideation
Johann Landsberg, Estelle Landsberg
Abstract
Unemployment, especially youth unemployment, continues to be a critical challenge for African countries. Due to resource and skills constraints, entrepreneurs struggle to generate viable business ideas. This study investigates the potential of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools, specifically ChatGPT and DeepSeek, to support low-capital start-up ideation in African markets for opportunities already proven successful. The study was guided by the effectuation, frugal innovation, and technology adoption theories, utilising a qualitative exploratory design. Iterative prompt engineering was employed to generate and assess business ideas, which were then compared with evidence of proven ventures across the continent. The findings indicate that AI can reliably suggest feasible business opportunities, with 70% overlap between ChatGPT and DeepSeek outputs. Most suggested include reselling daily essentials, mobile money services, food delivery, tutoring, and laundry services, all requiring minimal start-up capital and align with models already successfully implemented in Africa. The study highlights AI’s value as an accessible, low-cost tool for entrepreneurial brainstorming, offering practical support to early-stage entrepreneurs in resource-constrained environments.
Ambition To Grow As A Catalyst For Operational Performance: A Systematic Exploration Of Motivational Drivers, Constraints And Strategic Outcomes
Dr Alfred Masakale, Dr Watson Munyanyi
Abstract
Small and Medium Enterprises play a vital role in South Africa’s economy, contributing significantly to employment creation, gross domestic product growth, and efforts to reduce poverty and inequality. This study systematically examines the role of entrepreneurial growth ambition as a catalyst for improving the operational performance of small and medium enterprises in South Africa. Using systematic literature review methodology and guided by Entrepreneurial Motivation Theory and Strategic Choice Theory, the paper explores the interplay between motivational drivers, systemic constraints, and strategic outcomes associated with growth ambition. The review integrates findings from peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024, revealing that high levels of entrepreneurial ambition are positively associated with innovation, revenue growth, market expansion, and job creation. However, the translation of ambition into tangible outcomes is frequently hindered by barriers such as limited access to finance, skills shortages, regulatory inefficiencies, and digital exclusion. The paper underscores that growth ambition is both a psychological disposition and a strategic orientation that significantly shapes SME trajectories. Practical recommendations include the development of targeted support programs that consider varying ambition profiles among entrepreneurs. This study contributes to entrepreneurial theory and SME development policy by offering a conceptual framework that links ambition to performance in resource-constrained contexts.
Breaking Barriers: Investigating the Structural and Cultural Challenges Faced by Women Contractors in the South African Construction Industry
Mrs Lumka Rapoo, Prof Stephan van der Merwe, Prof Jan Visagie
Abstract
Gender inequality remains deeply rooted in the South African construction industry despite policies aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion. Women represent just over 10% of the workforce, with less than 1% working in on-site roles, often being relegated to administrative positions. Cultural norms, persistent stereotypes, and male-dominated networks continue to obstruct women’s progress, limiting their opportunities and hindering the industry’s potential for innovation. Structural and economic barriers—including restricted access to financing, biased lending practices, and uneven regional opportunities—further widen these gaps. Meanwhile, organisational policies frequently lack effective enforcement and often result in token gestures rather than real change.
This study employed a qualitative research design, collecting data through semi-structured online interviews with a purposively selected group of women contractors from Gauteng and the North West Province. An interpretivist approach was used to gain insight into participants’ lived experiences, and thematic analysis identified key patterns and themes.
The findings reveal five interconnected themes: persistent cultural biases questioning women’s competence and leadership; organisational failures such as exclusionary tendering and ineffective diversity initiatives; women’s coping strategies involving networking, mentorship, and skills development; structural socio-economic barriers including limited access to funding and support; and the limited impact of current inclusion efforts due to superficial implementation.
Recommendations stress the need for stronger policy enforcement with clear accountability, targeted mentorship and training, reforms in financial access, deliberate development of women leaders, and the creation of safe, inclusive networking environments. These steps are essential to move beyond symbolic diversity towards genuine inclusion, unlocking the full potential of women contractors and enhancing the competitiveness of the construction sector.
This study employed a qualitative research design, collecting data through semi-structured online interviews with a purposively selected group of women contractors from Gauteng and the North West Province. An interpretivist approach was used to gain insight into participants’ lived experiences, and thematic analysis identified key patterns and themes.
The findings reveal five interconnected themes: persistent cultural biases questioning women’s competence and leadership; organisational failures such as exclusionary tendering and ineffective diversity initiatives; women’s coping strategies involving networking, mentorship, and skills development; structural socio-economic barriers including limited access to funding and support; and the limited impact of current inclusion efforts due to superficial implementation.
Recommendations stress the need for stronger policy enforcement with clear accountability, targeted mentorship and training, reforms in financial access, deliberate development of women leaders, and the creation of safe, inclusive networking environments. These steps are essential to move beyond symbolic diversity towards genuine inclusion, unlocking the full potential of women contractors and enhancing the competitiveness of the construction sector.
Gendered Constraints and Entrepreneurial Growth: Systemic and Capacity Challenges in Women-Owned MSMEs
Shallone Munongo, David Pooe, Dr Watson Munyanyi
Abstract
This study investigates the systemic and capacity-based constraints affecting the growth trajectories of women-owned Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Zimbabwe. Although women constitute more than half of the country’s MSME owners, they remain underrepresented among growth-oriented enterprises. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and Institutional theory, the study employs cross-sectional survey data from 246 women entrepreneurs operating across key sectors in Zimbabwe’s ten provinces. Data from a cross-sectional survey were used in a logistic regression model to test the predictive influence of entrepreneurial orientation, innovation capability, strategic planning, and access to finance on the likelihood of business growth. The findings reveal that innovation capability and entrepreneurial orientation are the most significant predictors of enterprise growth, while access to finance provides a modest but statistically meaningful contribution. Strategic planning also emerges as a critical internal enabler. On the other hand, MSME growth is hindered by gendered cultural norms, adverse regulatory conditions, and marital status-related limitations. The study highlights the need for integrated interventions that combine systemic reforms with targeted capability development. It concludes by offering policy recommendations, including gender-responsive financial instruments, capacity-building programs, and expanding support networks for women entrepreneurs. The study contributes to the gendered entrepreneurship literature by presenting a multidimensional, empirically grounded model of enterprise growth in emerging economies.
Claiming the Driver’s Seat: Women’s Rise in the Minibus Taxi Sector in eThekwini Municipality, KZN (South Africa)
Thembeka Fortunate Matiwane, Lindiwe Nqobile Kunene, Ayansola Olantuni. Ayandibu
Abstract
Gender stereotypes have historically directed women toward careers such as teaching, nursing, and home economics. These choices stem from socially accepted roles portraying women as homemakers, caring, fragile, and emotional. However, the male-dominated business world has seen increased female participation. Notably, the South African minibus taxi industry, the country’s largest transport mode, is gradually accepting women. This shift, however, comes with challenges that reveal structural inequalities that shape opportunities and constraints for women operators. This paper examines women’s experiences in South Africa’s minibus taxi industry within eThekwini through a gendered conceptual frame comprised of: women’s challenges in the taxi industry, conformity to gender roles, gender stereotypical expectations, and heteropatriarchy. Using qualitative evidence, the study shows how historical exclusion, prescriptive roles, stereotypes about women’s competence, and patriarchal authority that shape daily realities for women taxi owners. Findings revealed that 50% of the women had inherited businesses from deceased husbands or a male relative. They reported being on the receiving end of disrespect from male counterparts, exclusion from decision-making bodies, limited consultation, and inadequate industry knowledge hinder their growth. Participant voices illustrate barriers they experience, the paper thus proposes practice-oriented recommendations for more gender-responsive association governance, finance access and safety.
Determinants of SMEs Obstacles in Tanzania: The Role of Firm Size, Sector, and Regional Location
Aman Mdewa Nthangu, Pumela Msweli
Abstract
This study investigates how firm characteristics specifically size, sector, and regional location shape the primary obstacles faced by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Tanzania. Using data from the 2023 World Bank Enterprise Survey of 600 SMEs across five regions ( Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha, Dodoma , and Zanzibar) and multiple sectors, the analysis applies an ordered probit regression model to examine the relationship between these firm-level and contextual variables and 13 key business constraints, including access to finance, electricity, corruption, workforce skills, and regulatory burdens. The findings reveal systematic differences: medium-sized firms face fewer challenges with finance, crime, and informality than micro and small firms; retail and service firms experience heightened obstacles related to corruption, taxation, and licensing; and regional disparities indicate that SMEs in Zanzibar and Mbeya report fewer constraints than those in Dar es Salaam or Arusha. By combining Institutional Theory and the Resource-Based View, the study demonstrates how external institutional weaknesses interact with internal firm capacities to shape business outcomes. The results highlight the need for targeted policies that account for firm size, sectoral exposure, and regional governance differences.
Shared Journeys: A Comparative Study of How Female Entrepreneurs’ Social Identities Shape Venture Aspirations
Greyling, L , Leendertz, V
Abstract
Using a cross-country comparative lens, this study explores how female entrepreneurs’ social identities shape their aspirations for venture creation. While prior research acknowledges the gendered nature of entrepreneurship, limited attention has been paid to how women in different socio-economic contexts construct entrepreneurial identities and envision their future business roles. Drawing on social identity theory and an established founder identity typology, this study investigates how female entrepreneurs from South Africa and the Netherlands perceive their entrepreneurial selves, the roles they aspire to fulfil, and the social purposes they associate with business ownership. A qualitative research design was followed, using semi-structured interviews and hybrid (deductive–inductive) thematic analysis. Key themes that emerged include the role of confidence in identity formation, the tension between personal and social motivations, and the influence of social context and support structures. Participants operating in more constrained environments expressed lower entrepreneurial self-efficacy and limited access to support, while others demonstrated clearer alignment with socially or economically driven identities. Despite these contrasts, all participants experienced internal struggles related to legitimacy, gendered expectations, and perceptions of business value. The findings suggest that social identity is not only a lens through which entrepreneurial intent is shaped, but also a vehicle for aspiration formation, legitimacy-seeking, and social value creation. This paper contributes to the literature on gender and entrepreneurship by offering empirical insight into how identity construction is embedded within broader social and cultural contexts. Practical recommendations include the need for identity-sensitive entrepreneurship education and support programmes that acknowledge diverse role expectations and constraints, particularly in emerging economies. The study offers theoretical and practical value for those aiming to foster more inclusive and contextually relevant entrepreneurial ecosystems.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENT USING A SAMPLE OF UNDERGRADUATE FINAL YEAR STUDENTS’
Lebohang J. Masoabi, Charles S Masoabi
Abstract
Background: A study on entrepreneurial intentions is important towards determining the need for entrepreneurship education to impart relevant knowledge and skills among youth.
Aim: This study evaluated the entrepreneurial intent of students using a survey design amongst final year students from three faculties at a South African University.
Setting: A total of 546 participants, final year university students from the faculties of Economics and Management Sciences (EMS), and Education, and Humanities.
Methods: A quantitative research approach, using a survey design based on stratified random sampling method was adopted for the study.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that the students who do not have entrepreneurship education in their curriculum as well as those taking entrepreneurship education in their curriculum demonstrated high levels of intentions to become entrepreneurs, to the extent of visualising themselves having their own businesses in the future. On the contrary, the group that does not have entrepreneurship education exhibited some ambiguity regarding the founding of new business ventures or managing existing ventures.
Conclusion: It could be deduced from the findings that students may show high levels of intent. However, it is evident that without relevant knowledge and skills, starting a business venture could pose hesitance. Therefore, formal entrepreneurship education is necessary for students in various faculties.
Aim: This study evaluated the entrepreneurial intent of students using a survey design amongst final year students from three faculties at a South African University.
Setting: A total of 546 participants, final year university students from the faculties of Economics and Management Sciences (EMS), and Education, and Humanities.
Methods: A quantitative research approach, using a survey design based on stratified random sampling method was adopted for the study.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that the students who do not have entrepreneurship education in their curriculum as well as those taking entrepreneurship education in their curriculum demonstrated high levels of intentions to become entrepreneurs, to the extent of visualising themselves having their own businesses in the future. On the contrary, the group that does not have entrepreneurship education exhibited some ambiguity regarding the founding of new business ventures or managing existing ventures.
Conclusion: It could be deduced from the findings that students may show high levels of intent. However, it is evident that without relevant knowledge and skills, starting a business venture could pose hesitance. Therefore, formal entrepreneurship education is necessary for students in various faculties.
Sustainable Community Engagement: A Marketplace Framework For Informal Food And Sports Ventures.
Amukelani Mathebula
Abstract
This study makes a significant conceptual and empirical contribution to sustainable business management by advancing a comprehensive marketplace framework for informal food and sports ventures in emerging economies. It addresses a critical gap in understanding how these often-marginalised sectors can be effectively integrated to foster inclusive growth, socio-economic resilience, and environmental sustainability. Anchored in the principles of community engagement and digital innovation, the research draws upon the theoretical underpinnings of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and social capital theory. To achieve this, a rigorous Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was employed, involving a systematic search across multiple databases, strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, and the analysis of 250 selected manuscripts from an initial pool of thousands. The findings illuminate how digital platforms, integrated within participatory governance structures, act as catalysts for operational efficiency, expanded market access, and enhanced stakeholder collaboration. The proposed framework articulates key strategic components: stakeholder co-creation, context-sensitive policy support, inclusive financial mechanisms, and sustainable environmental practices. By aligning with Sustainable Development Goals, the study offers practical guidance for policymakers and entrepreneurs, reconceptualising informal marketplaces as dynamic ecosystems capable of driving systemic change, equity, and long-term sustainability in resource-constrained settings, thereby unlocking their latent potential.
Entrepreneurial skills and startup intentions of social grant recipients
Thobeka Tshitshi, Jurie van Vuuren, Clint Davies
Abstract
South Africa faces a pressing socio-economic challenge, with approximately 18 million people (one-third of the population) receiving social grants. While entrepreneurship is often championed as a solution to unemployment, its role in reducing grant dependency is underexamined. This study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial skills and planned entrepreneurial behaviour among social grant recipients in Gauteng Province.
Using a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 400 SASSA beneficiaries aged 18 to 75 via a structured questionnaire. The study assessed entrepreneurial awareness, skills, and intentions to inform strategies that foster self-employment and economic independence.
A triangulated analytical approach was adopted: correlation analysis confirmed direct associations between entrepreneurial skills and intention, ANOVA revealed significant group differences, and all 16 hypotheses were supported. Notably, ANOVA results showed that recipients willing to start a business without grant support had a higher mean Attitude score (4.35) than those unwilling (3.45), validating the influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention.
These findings suggest that strengthening entrepreneurial skills can meaningfully enhance entrepreneurial intention, particularly when individual willingness is present. Targeted government training programmes may thus serve as a pathway out of long-term grant dependence.
Using a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 400 SASSA beneficiaries aged 18 to 75 via a structured questionnaire. The study assessed entrepreneurial awareness, skills, and intentions to inform strategies that foster self-employment and economic independence.
A triangulated analytical approach was adopted: correlation analysis confirmed direct associations between entrepreneurial skills and intention, ANOVA revealed significant group differences, and all 16 hypotheses were supported. Notably, ANOVA results showed that recipients willing to start a business without grant support had a higher mean Attitude score (4.35) than those unwilling (3.45), validating the influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention.
These findings suggest that strengthening entrepreneurial skills can meaningfully enhance entrepreneurial intention, particularly when individual willingness is present. Targeted government training programmes may thus serve as a pathway out of long-term grant dependence.
Unlocking Access to Finance for Women Entrepreneurs in the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Does Financial Literacy Matter?
Brownhilder Neneh, Obey Dzomonda
Abstract
Women’s entrepreneurship plays a vital role towards economic growth. On this account, calls to support women entrepreneurship have grown over the past decade globally as a strategy to achieve inclusive, sustainable development. While women’s entrepreneurship has increased in recent years in South Africa, the number of established businesses among women entrepreneurs remains relatively low compared to their male counterparts. Women entrepreneurs face more significant gender-related and socio-cultural challenges in accessing critical business resources, such as access to finance, due to gender stereotypes and discriminatory policies rooted in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Thus, this study tested the effect of five EE elements (policy, culture, support, human capital and markets) on access to finance amongst women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Additionally, it examined the moderating role of financial literacy in these relationships. The study adopted a quantitative research method with a descriptive research design. The sample consisted of 343 women entrepreneurs from Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality. Convenience and purposive sampling techniques were used to recruit the participants, and data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS and SmartPLS 4 software. The findings showed that EE elements (policy, support and human capital) positively influence access to finance among women entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, culture was found to have a negative impact on women entrepreneurs’ access to finance. Furthermore, it was established that financial literacy is a significant moderating variable in the association between policy, support, and access to finance. These findings should encourage the government to identify problems in the entrepreneurial ecosystem and adopt a Quadruple Helix model for an integrated and functional entrepreneurial ecosystem, where collaboration among academia, industry, government, and civil society is facilitated to enhance access to resources for women entrepreneurs.
Growing The Beautiful Game: A Study of Digital Adoption, Community Engagement, and Growth in Grassroots Football
Amukelani Mathebula
Abstract
This study investigated the strategic integration of digital adoption and community engagement as dual enablers of sustainable growth, social cohesion, and organisational resilience within a grassroots football club in a developing economy. Grounded in a qualitative, exploratory case study of a township-based club in Johannesburg, the research explored how digital platforms, such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and TikTok, are leveraged alongside community-rooted practices to navigate systemic constraints and foster inclusive development. Drawing on a relativist ontology and interpretivist epistemology, the study employed semi-structured interviews with key club stakeholders to examine the lived experiences and strategic decisions underpinning digital and community-based growth.
The findings revealed that digital tools enhance operational efficiency, visibility, and participatory governance, while community engagement initiatives, such as youth empowerment, local partnerships, and social outreach, generate the social capital necessary for long-term sustainability. The study introduces the concept of “digital grassroots hybridity” to describe the synergistic integration of these domains, offering a novel conceptual lens through which to understand adaptive capacity in resource-constrained sporting contexts. The research also identifies key barriers to digital adoption, including infrastructural deficits, financial constraints, and digital literacy gaps, while highlighting facilitators such as public-private partnerships, inclusive governance, and culturally relevant digital platforms.
Theoretically, the study extends social capital theory and stakeholder engagement frameworks into the domain of grassroots sport. Practically, it offers evidence-based strategies and policy recommendations for club managers, development practitioners, and policymakers seeking to scale grassroots football initiatives in a contextually grounded and socially inclusive manner. Ultimately, the study affirms that the future of grassroots football lies not in replicating elite models but in cultivating locally embedded, digitally enabled ecosystems that reflect the aspirations, capacities, and cultural realities of the communities they serve.
The findings revealed that digital tools enhance operational efficiency, visibility, and participatory governance, while community engagement initiatives, such as youth empowerment, local partnerships, and social outreach, generate the social capital necessary for long-term sustainability. The study introduces the concept of “digital grassroots hybridity” to describe the synergistic integration of these domains, offering a novel conceptual lens through which to understand adaptive capacity in resource-constrained sporting contexts. The research also identifies key barriers to digital adoption, including infrastructural deficits, financial constraints, and digital literacy gaps, while highlighting facilitators such as public-private partnerships, inclusive governance, and culturally relevant digital platforms.
Theoretically, the study extends social capital theory and stakeholder engagement frameworks into the domain of grassroots sport. Practically, it offers evidence-based strategies and policy recommendations for club managers, development practitioners, and policymakers seeking to scale grassroots football initiatives in a contextually grounded and socially inclusive manner. Ultimately, the study affirms that the future of grassroots football lies not in replicating elite models but in cultivating locally embedded, digitally enabled ecosystems that reflect the aspirations, capacities, and cultural realities of the communities they serve.
Exploring the Impact of Entrepreneurial Stewardship on Value Creation in South African Social Organisations
Mr Zander Botha, Prof Stephan van der Merwe, Prof Jan Visagie
Abstract
Entrepreneurial stewardship constitutes a transformative framework for advancing value creation within South African social organisations. This approach delineates a trajectory towards sustainable development amidst a context characterised by financial volatility and complex socio-economic challenges.
South Africa’s social sector plays a vital role in addressing poverty and inequality, but faces significant challenges, including financial instability, poor regulatory compliance, and over-reliance on government funding. While many NPOs are adopting entrepreneurial strategies to improve sustainability, questions remain about how effectively these approaches align with principles of responsible stewardship.
A qualitative research methodology approach was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews to collect data and a manual qualitative data analysis process. The POPI Act of South Africa posed research limitations.
Drawing on participant insights, the study offers targeted, actionable recommendations to strengthen entrepreneurial stewardship in South African social organisations, including adaptive leadership development, formal intrapreneurial initiatives, and mission-aligned income generation. These strategies directly address persistent challenges such as financial instability, weak governance structures, and limited organisational capacity, offering practical, context-specific solutions grounded in both empirical evidence and established social enterprise theory.
South Africa’s social sector plays a vital role in addressing poverty and inequality, but faces significant challenges, including financial instability, poor regulatory compliance, and over-reliance on government funding. While many NPOs are adopting entrepreneurial strategies to improve sustainability, questions remain about how effectively these approaches align with principles of responsible stewardship.
A qualitative research methodology approach was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews to collect data and a manual qualitative data analysis process. The POPI Act of South Africa posed research limitations.
Drawing on participant insights, the study offers targeted, actionable recommendations to strengthen entrepreneurial stewardship in South African social organisations, including adaptive leadership development, formal intrapreneurial initiatives, and mission-aligned income generation. These strategies directly address persistent challenges such as financial instability, weak governance structures, and limited organisational capacity, offering practical, context-specific solutions grounded in both empirical evidence and established social enterprise theory.
Rethinking Township Entrepreneurship: Comparative Insights from South Africa, Brazil, and India.
Ayanda Sibiya, David Pooe
Abstract
Township entrepreneurship across South Africa, Russia and India has emerged as an important aspect of local economic development, social mobility, and innovation. In marginalised communities such as South Africa’s townships, Brazil’s favelas, and India’s bastis, entrepreneurs are shaping development from the ground up, often operating outside formal economic structures. This study presents a comparative review of township entrepreneurship ecosystems in these three settings, focusing on the conditions that support or hinder entrepreneurial activity. Based on literature published between 2020 and 2025, the analysis identifies shared trends such as resilience, adaptation to digital tools, and reliance on community networks, while also acknowledging differences rooted in historical legacies, governance frameworks, and inequalities. Despite facing challenges such as poor infrastructure and limited institutional backing, township entrepreneurs continue to show resourcefulness and contribute meaningfully to their local economies. The paper concludes by outlining practical approaches and policy recommendations for supporting township-based enterprises, calling for tailored strategies that recognise and strengthen these often-neglected entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Repositioning Graduate Entrepreneurship Through Cross-Disciplinary Entrepreneurial Mindset Development: A Multiple Case Study
TP BAADJIE, RM KHOSA
Abstract
This study examined the repositioning of graduate entrepreneurship within South African higher education by focusing on developing an entrepreneurial mindset, particularly in non-commerce faculties. The research identifies systematic obstacles and the need for institutional transformation to effectively deliver entrepreneurship education in this context. Using a qualitative multiple case study approach, data were collected using semi-structured interviews with students and academic staff at seven public universities, as well as one national policy official. Although the majority of participants expressed interest in entrepreneurship, their motivations were frequently driven by personal passion or necessity. Entrepreneurship was rarely regarded as a principal career option. Many students were unaware of the resources and initiatives offered by their universities. Support structures were inconsistently distributed across different faculties. In universities where entrepreneurship education was available, it tended to be theoretical with limited practical application. Although some programs included practical engagement and mentorship, participation often required self-initiation and was not consistently integrated into the curriculum. A significant finding is the limited development of metacognitive skills such as critical reflection for navigating uncertainty and pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities. Additionally, institutional fragmentation and poor alignment with national policy objectives diminished the effectiveness of entrepreneurship initiatives, especially in non-commerce disciplines. In response to these challenges, the study introduces the Multi-Level Entrepreneurial Mindset Development (MLEMD) model, which integrates individual, institutional, and systemic factors. This model provides a diagnostic framework for universities and policymakers aiming to embed entrepreneurship as a cross-disciplinary and socially inclusive graduate competency. In the main, the research offers valuable insights for curriculum reform, institutional strategy, and policy alignment in integrating entrepreneurship education across various academic disciplines in universities.
Barriers to Spin-Out Company Success in South African Universities: A Qualitative Analysis
Johann Landsberg, Gretha Duvenage
Abstract
This article explores the structural barriers impeding the success of spin-out companies at South African universities, which are increasingly recognised as drivers of innovation and economic development. In spite of global examples where academic spinouts thrive due to robust institutional support and mature venture ecosystems, South African universities face relentless obstacles, including underdeveloped venture capital markets, bureaucratic inefficiencies within technology transfer offices (TTOs), fragmented regulatory frameworks, and an established academic culture that prioritises scholarly outputs over entrepreneurial activity. The study utilises a qualitative, exploratory research design, drawing on semi-structured interviews with TTO professionals, academic researchers, and commercialisation experts to identify and analyse these barriers. Key findings highlight five critical challenges: financial constraints, limited digital transformation (particularly slow adoption of AI), leadership and organisational culture misalignment, regulatory complexity, and insufficient alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The article deduces that overcoming these barriers requires strategic leadership, enhanced digital adoption, targeted training in academic entrepreneurship, streamlined regulatory processes, and the integration of SDG-focused strategies to attract impact investment. Addressing these challenges will enable South African universities to create a more supportive environment for spinouts, fostering innovation, economic growth, and societal impact.
Resilience and Adaptive Strategies of Informal Food Traders in South African Urban Townships During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis
Zuziwe Mpanza, Brian Ngwako Mahosi
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted global economic frameworks, with informal food traders experiencing disproportionate impacts due to their constrained resources and vulnerability to regulatory oversight. This study employs resilience theory to examine how informal food traders in South African urban townships developed and deployed adaptive strategies to maintain operational continuity during the pandemic. Using a qualitative research design with thematic analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 informal food traders, supplemented by observational data. Atlas.ti software facilitated in-depth data examination following recognised thematic analysis guidelines. The findings reveal four primary resilience mechanisms: absorptive capacity through financial restructuring and community support networks; adaptive capacity via digital technology adoption and business diversification; transformative capacity through fundamental operational changes; and systemic invisibility as both a vulnerability and source of autonomous adaptation. Results demonstrate that whilst informal food traders faced unprecedented challenges including financial vulnerability, intensified competition, and regulatory barriers, they exhibited remarkable resilience through multi-layered adaptive strategies that transcended mere survival responses. The study contributes to resilience theory by demonstrating how marginalized economic actors develop autonomous adaptive capacities when excluded from formal support systems. These findings have significant implications for policy development, suggesting the need for inclusive crisis response frameworks that recognise and support the inherent resilience mechanisms of informal traders rather than treating them solely as vulnerable beneficiaries.
Internal business environment influences on SMEs’ trade credit management: Literature Analysis
Werner Henk Otto
Abstract
Given SMEs’ dependency on trade credit as often the only source of external capital, the influence of business environment variables, under their control, is important to business sustainability. Ample literature exists to support the value of internal business environment variables on SMEs’ trade credit management in either supporting business growth or undermining it. Despite this, a detailed review of key literature observing internal business environment influences, challenges, and suggested strategies to address these challenges for improved trade credit management observes as minimal. This paper aims to evaluate, through a literature review, the influence of certain internal business environment variables important to SMEs’ trade credit management, including challenges associated with these variables that could influence their trade credit management, and to suggest strategies to address these challenges for improved trade credit management. The background literature review on internal business environment variables and their influence on SMEs’ trade credit management from a developing country perspective was conducted on several journal articles. Peer-reviewed articles in recent journals were analysed to identify SMEs’ entrepreneurial and internal business environment, their significance, and associated challenges while managing trade credit to propose strategies to address internal business environment challenges for improved SME trade credit management. This review paper adds to a body of knowledge concerning the business environment within SMEs’ control and an understanding of how certain variables influence SMEs trade credit management while employing a developing country perspective to support the South African SME sector. The proposed strategies strive to better enable SME owners and managers to manage trade credit with a more complete understanding of internal business environment influences towards a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem fostering sustainable SME creation.
A Global Outlook of Green Entrepreneurship Research
Dr Angela Pike-Bowles, Prof Juliet Townes
Abstract
There has been an immense focus on green entrepreneurship globally as researchers strive to attain the sustainability development goals of economies. Although green entrepreneurship is proliferating, there is insufficient reference to the research landscape of green entrepreneurship through a scientific literature review. This medium is an essential analytical procedure for scholars and entrepreneurs to identify current trends and future research avenues. The objective of the study was to determine the current research outlook of green entrepreneurship. To achieve the aim of the study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted comprising data extracted from the SCOPUS database. The sample inclusion criteria entailed keywords such as green entrepreneurship and green entrepreneurs. A total of 431 documents were collected that were published between 2002 and 2025 and scientifically reviewed using the VOSViewer and Biblioshiny. The research findings highlighted that China, India, and the United Kingdom are prominent countries that have placed their research focus on green entrepreneurship themes. The results indicated that popular research themes related to green entrepreneurship entail green innovation and sustainability, while emerging research topics comprise green entrepreneurship orientation and green absorptive capacity. The findings of this study have implications for scholars, business consultants, and publishing houses by providing new insights into the research outlook of green entrepreneurship across the globe.
Keywords
Inhibiting Factors For Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs In Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa
De Lange, I., Macpherson, W. E, Cullen, M., Calitz, A. P., Boucher, S. M., van Rensburg, L.
Abstract
Disadvantaged entrepreneurs face compounding barriers when starting and growing a business. The causes for disadvantage can be economic, social and cultural, as well as an unsupportive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Numerous initiatives aim to improve entrepreneurial skills, however, they often overlook disadvantaged people interested in entrepreneurship. Economic exclusion, based on factors such as nationality, age, religion, physical disabilities or political affiliation, further compounds these challenges. To these disadvantaged people, entrepreneurship appears to be a solution for creating their own livelihood. The primary objective of this study was to identify the inhibiting factors for disadvantaged entrepreneurs who worked with the Business Chamber in the Nelson Mandela Bay in South Africa. The research approach was qualitative with semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 disadvantaged entrepreneurs. The data were thematically analysed using ATLAS.ti. The study revealed weaknesses in the entrepreneurial ecosystem in that it proves complex to disadvantaged entrepreneurs, by presenting challenges in resource access, intense competition, a lack of infrastructure and the impact of crime. Despite these challenges, entrepreneurs identified crucial enablers, such as funding opportunities, access to machinery, equipment, affordable business premises and competent human capital. Mentorship, a supportive network and continuous learning, were deemed essential. The study also highlighted personal pressures faced by disadvantaged entrepreneurs.
Financial Inclusion of MSMEs in South Africa: A Decadal Analysis Using FinScope Data (2010–2020)
Velenkosini Matsebula, Calynn Anthony
Abstract
This study offers the first of its kind to use FinScope MSME 2010 and 2020 surveys to assess the financial inclusion of MSMEs in South Africa and use the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to compute a multidimensional financial inclusion index. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature aimed at addressing the financial inclusion for MSMEs in South Africa. The OLS and probit regressions are estimated to examine the impact of various characteristics of the owner and the business on the financial inclusion index and the probability of the business being financially excluded. The OLS findings indicate that MSMEs with owners who are white, male, middle-aged (35-54), have a Higher Education, reside in the Gauteng province, and are unmarried are associated with a higher financial inclusion index. Moreover, smaller firms face greater challenges in accessing financial services. The Probit regression results align with the OLS findings, confirming MSMEs owned by Blacks, females, aged 16-24 years, with lower levels of education, residing in rural provinces, and married individuals are associated with higher financial exclusion likelihoods. Lastly, the was an overall increase in MSME financial index between 2010 and 2020 and the most frequently used financial services were savings at a bank and a savings account with the MSMEs’ perception of their bank’s services being relatively positive.
A Comparative Analysis of the Anti-Corruption Strategies of Singapore and South Africa: Lessons for Reform
Adele Oosthuizen
Abstract
Over the past three decades, South Africa has experienced increased corruption in the public sector, undermining democratic institutions, infrastructure development and service delivery. This study aimed to identify the successful anti-corruption strategies implemented in Singapore and compare them to the South African public sector’s policy, institutions, legal frameworks, leadership, and governance practices. The research was conducted in two phases. The first phase consisted of a systematic review of 33 peer-reviewed papers published up to 2024 to identify the strategies employed by Singapore to curb corruption. During the second phase, academic literature was used to identify the current policy, practices and governance trends in the South African public sector and compare them with Singapore’s governance, institutional effectiveness, law enforcement and socio-cultural influences. The analysis identified Singapore’s model as hinging on strong political will, an autonomous and well-resourced anti-corruption agency, comprehensive legal frameworks, enforcement mechanisms, meritocracy, and a zero-tolerance culture supported by advanced digital governance. The comparison reveals South Africa has inconsistent law enforcement, socio-cultural acceptance of patronage and nepotism, and limited public engagement. The study identifies political leadership and commitment, strict enforcement with harsh consequences, institutional autonomy, and adequate resource allocation as critical for effective corruption control. Insights from this study contribute to scholarly work on anti-corruption strategies across divergent socio-political environments. The review aims to inform effective, anti-corruption policies to enhance governance and accountability in the South African public sector by highlighting best practices and contextual challenges.
Nexus between capital structure and financial performance for listed financial firms in Ghana
MccPowell Fombang, Gauda Maseko
Abstract
The relationship between capital structure and earnings per share of publicly traded financial companies on the Ghana Stock Exchange was investigated in this study. A sample of ten firms was included in the study from 2003 to 2023 due to inadequate data. Three ratios, the debt-to-equity ratio, the total debt ratio, and the long-term debt ratio were used to measure capital structure, and earnings per share, a proxy for financial performance were also used. The General Method of Moments (GMM) was employed in the study because it permits the inclusion of the independent variables’ lag values as explanatory variables. The results of the study showed that while the long-term debt ratio and the total debt ratio had statistically significant positive relationships with firm performance (as measured by earnings per share), the debt-to-equity ratio had a statistically significant negative relationship. Therefore, in order to maximize shareholder wealth, financial firms should take into account, maintain, and optimize their capital structure.
CATASTROPHE BONDS AS ALTERNATIVE RISK TRANSFER MECHANISM FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSURANCE SECTOR
Thomas Mutsvene, Heinz Eckart Klingelhoefer
Abstract
The insurance sector has been failing to provide cover for some risks of low frequency but high severity which could threaten their underwriting capacity. Such risks come in the form of natural disasters, often driven by climate change. With insurance sector regulators specifying maximum threshold values for each insurer, most insurers are left shunning these risks. These risks require insurers to consider alternative risk transfer (ART) mechanisms to increase their underwriting capacities. This paper looked at the possibility of using catastrophe bonds as an alternative risk transfer method to increase the underwriting capacity of South Africa’s insurance sector and provides insight to regulatory authorities regarding the implementation of CAT Bonds in South Africa (SA). Using a mixed study, we built a regression model for analysing the predictive content of CAT Bond impact on high-severity losses using terms and conditions of CAT Bonds as variables. Insurers’ and reinsurers’ reports, regulatory bodies’ reports, and the legal framework in South Africa were reviewed to assess how the use of alternative risk transfer mechanisms like catastrophe bonds may change the financial cover landscape. Through literature review, an operation model of CAT Bonds as an ART mechanism for South Africa was designed. Findings showed that combined catastrophe losses are driven by variables such as size and frequency of catastrophe losses as well as fluctuations of reinsurance prices and rate-on-line movements. As more losses come with more events, the regression that CAT loss directly drives overall combined losses while use of catastrophe bonds increase the insurers’ and reinsurers’ underwriting capacity was confirmed. Adopting CAT Bonds include improving the state of preparedness of an economy towards natural disasters and offering an alternative to reinsurance. Reinsurance regulators are recommended to develop policies that make it easier to transact with these bonds and to push for legislative provisions allowing (re)insurers and government departments to use them.
The Social Dimension of ESG and Its Link to Financial Performance in South Africa’s Mining Sector.
Reuben Davids, Noxolo Sokweba, Tatenda Nharo
Abstract
The study examines the influence of social scores on the financial performance of JSE listed mining companies for a period spanning from 2022 to 2024. Firms are under pressure to increase transparency in reporting their ESG actions, necessitating the need for companies to understand how social actions and disclosures affect overall firm performance. The study follows a purposive convenience sampling strategy and utilizes panel data analysis to investigate the influence of social performance on financial performance. Social performance is measured by scoring companies against the newly introduced JSE Sustainability Disclosure Guidelines (JSE SDG). Financial performance is measured by ROA. Firm size, firm age, and leverage are employed as control variables. The results show that social performance does not influence financial performance for firms in the sample. Leverage has a strong negative correlation with financial performance, while firm size has a moderately significant relationship with the dependent variable. Firm is statistically insignificant in explaining firm performance. The study responds to growing calls for context specific research in ESG for emerging market economies such as South Africa. Practical insights are offered to managers with regards to potential delayed CSR benefits, capital structure optimisation and the importance of managing large-scale operations.
Navigating Retirement Planning Amidst Black Tax: Insights from South Africa
Mary-ann Ebigo, Melany Lotter
Abstract
Black tax, a deeply debated and pervasive social phenomenon, significantly shapes the financial realities of countless South Africans. The expectation or obligation to provide financial support to extended relatives can inhibit savings intended for retirement purposes. This study investigates how individuals navigate through retirement planning amidst black tax responsibilities. This qualitative, exploratory study utilised semi-structured interviews to gather data from 12 participants. Participants were selected based on specific criteria: residing in Gauteng, South Africa; earning an income; contributing to black tax; and having financial dependents. The research employed inductive reasoning and thematic analysis for data interpretation. The findings suggest that black tax significantly strains personal finances, impeding personal goals. The significant role in supporting dependents and prioritising black tax leads to widespread dissatisfaction with voluntary savings and retirement planning. A considerable portion lacks a retirement plan, often due to perceived resource limitations or low priority, emphasising the critical need for early planning and professional financial guidance to secure retirement. This study offers theoretical contributions by deepening the understanding of black tax’s role in personal finances, while providing practical insights for financial planning, specifically retirement planning and policy development in South Africa.
Do Dividends Matter? Share Price Reactions In JSE-listed Software And Computer Services Companies
Peter Masha, Marno Booyens
Abstract
The research investigates the effect of dividend announcements on the share prices of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) within the software and computer services sector. Employing an event study methodology, the research examines the presence of abnormal returns surrounding dividend announcement dates. A quantitative approach was adopted, with a sample of 75 dividend announcements selected based on defined criteria. Share price movements were analysed using converted daily data points to calculate abnormal returns.The findings indicate that while the aggregated abnormal returns on the announcement date were positive, they were not statistically significant. Some inconsistencies were also observed and are discussed in the analysis. The study contributes to the broader discourse on market efficiency and investor behaviour in emerging markets, highlighting the limited impact of dividend announcements on short-term share price movements in the South African technology sector. The results provide practical implications for investors, corporate decision-makers, and policymakers, while also addressing gaps in the emerging market finance literature.
Portfolio performance under varying constraints: a study on esg-integration in south african portfolios
Vincent Ateka
Abstract
This study explores the impact of incorporating financial and sustainability constraints into portfolio optimization using Sequential Least Squares Quadratic Programming (SLSQP). Building on the traditional 60:40 stock-bond allocation, four models are evaluated: a benchmark portfolio, a return-constrained model, a model integrating Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) asset selection, and a final model that adds an ESG threshold. Using South African stocks and bonds from January 2022 to December 2023, the findings show that while none of the portfolios outperformed the risk-free rate, constrained models achieved improved expected returns and marginally better Sharpe ratios. The ESG-integrated model demonstrated the highest risk-adjusted performance, supporting the view that sustainability considerations can enhance portfolio stability. However, the limited asset universe constrained diversification benefits. Overall, the results underscore the value of constraint layering in portfolio design and affirm the utility of SLSQP for solving complex, real-world optimization problems in emerging markets. The study highlights both the financial and ethical benefits of investing in ESG stocks for South African investors.
How Income Levels and Macroeconomic Factors Shape Life Insurance Demand in BRICS Countries: Literature Review
Mmakgabo Pinkie Segodi
Abstract
Life insurance is integral to the economy, functioning as a mechanism for mobilising long-term savings, advancing capital market growth, enhancing effective capital allocation, and both substituting and complementing government security initiatives. Therefore, the factors that shapes life insurance demand are imperative. Given the socioeconomic dynamics of these developing nations, research on the link between income levels and life insurance demand in BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) is vitally important. This study conducts a literature review synthesizing case studies and empirical research within the broader domain of life insurance studies to identify key trends, gaps, and implications for future research. Reviewing articles from 2002 to 2025 the findings shed light on the substantial impact that income plays in determining the demand for life insurance in developing countries around the world. Furthermore, quantitative methodologies were utilised in most of the research that was reviewed. There is a possibility that more important theoretical contributions could be made by incorporating mixed research approaches.
The January Effect On The ETF Market For Developed And Developing Countries
Dylan James Steyn , Jordy Erin Bolton
Abstract
The January effect, a well-documented calendar anomaly, has been extensively studied in global financial markets, especially concerning individual stocks. While some research has explored this phenomenon in index funds and real estate investment trusts (REITs), limited attention has been given to exchange-traded funds (ETFs), despite their rapid global growth. This research paper bridges this gap by examining the January effect in ETFs listed in selected developed (the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), and Japan) and developing (South Africa, India, and China) markets. Using daily closing prices from 2019 to 2023, the study calculates daily log and monthly average returns. An empirical framework incorporating ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH (1,1)) models is applied to test for the January effect. The results indicate evidence of the January effect in the selected US ETFs, a partial presence in South African ETFs, and no observable presence in ETFs from India, China, the UK, and Japan. These findings enhance the broader understanding of market efficiency across global ETF markets and underscore differences in seasonal effects between developed and developing markets.
DEVELOPING A SOUTH AFRICAN ZAKAT LITERACY INDEX (ZLI) FOR FINANCIAL PLANNING AND ADVICE PROFESSIONLS
Raaiq Pandie CFP®, Dr Jasmine Kinsman CFP®
Abstract
Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam, requiring eligible Muslims to make annual contributions to those in need. Proper knowledge of the Zakat calculation is essential to ensure compliance with this religious duty, which carries significant financial implications for Muslims. In South Africa, financial planning and advice professionals emerged as key figures capable of ensuring accurate Zakat payments due to their financial expertise. However, measuring financial planning and advice professionals’ capacity to do so necessitates a tool to assess their Zakat literacy. This study aimed to adapt the Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) Zakat Literacy Index (ZLI), originally developed for Indonesia, a nation governed by Shariah law for application in the South African context, where Islamic finance functions within a broader conventional financial services framework. Using a qualitative desk research approach, the study revised the BAZNAS ZLI indicators to reflect South Africa’s unique demographic, cultural, legal, and financial landscape. A key outcome was the identification of general Zakat knowledge as a critical competency area for financial professionals serving Muslim clients. The resulting adapted ZLI provides a contextualized assessment tool capable of evaluating the Zakat literacy of financial planning and advice professionals. This tool addresses the distinctive Zakat practices and financial realities of South African Muslims, enhancing professional advisory services.
THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A VAT INCREASE ON THE SOCIAL CONTRACT IN SOUTH AFRICA
Marina Bornman, Karel JB Engelbrecht
Abstract
The social contract is an implicit contract between government and citizens that implies that citizens pay taxes in exchange for public goods and services. A change in tax policy may impact the social contract between government and citizens. This study aims to explore the current state of the social contract in South Africa and the possible effects that an increase in VAT may have on the social contract. The methods include a quantitative analysis of secondary data from Afrobarometer as well as a qualitative analysis of literature detailing other VAT rate increases globally. The study found that people support the social contract but that citizens’ belief that government is upholding its end of the social contract may be undermined. The importance of upholding public trust when considering a VAT increase is key in protecting the social contract and economic stability and social equity are some of the main factors that may preserve the social contract.
An analysis of the impact of financial shocks on agriculture in South Africa
Solofelang MM Mosoang, Dr John-Baptiste Mabejane
Abstract
This paper analysed the impact of financial shocks on the agricultural sector of South Africa. Using data collected from Statssa, the South African Weather Service and other sources an EGARCH model was adopted to conduct the analysis. The findings are that financial shocks do impact the agricultural sector of South Africa, with volatility spilling over during these shock periods into agricultural prices.
INVESTIGATING THE FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF RETAILERS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN DIESEL INDUSTRY
Wolf-Rüdiger Hamm, JD Van Romburgh
Abstract
The paper examines the financial stability and operational sustainability of South African diesel retailers operating in a deregulated fuel market. It also examines how pricing strategies, sales volume changes, and cost structures affect long-term profitability in a competitive market with rising operational costs and regulatory changes.
The research implements a positivist and deductive framework that uses quantitative methods to evaluate financial performance indicators. The research study collected secondary data from 41 service stations in nine provinces throughout South Africa during 2016–2024, along with wholesale depot information from Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State, and the Northwest.
The research study employed analytical tools to evaluate revenue and costs, break-even analysis, contribution margin calculations, and profitability metrics such as Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Investment (ROI), and Net Present Value (NPV). Regression and correlation analysis, together with time series analysis, were fundamental to model the relationships between pricing variables and financial outcomes.
The research shows that oil company service stations with fixed pricing face substantial competition from independent retailers, who have more flexibility in setting prices. The market’s deregulation and saturation led to profitability depending on price hikes and margin increases instead of sales expansion, which created sustainability challenges.
A Bibliometric and Content Analyses of Literature on Financial Literacy among University Students
Melany Lotter, Chioma Okoro
Abstract
Financial illiteracy remains a significant global challenge, particularly among young graduates entering the workforce and assuming financial independence. This study investigates existing research on the financial literacy of university students. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometrics and content analysis of published studies in the Scopus database from 2013 to 2022. Findings revealed that most studies were concentrated in the United States, Malaysia, and South Africa. Most of the research was published in the International Journal of Bank Marketing, and the most cited articles were in the International Journal of Consumer Studies. The publications were also among a few authors, with six of them linked. Outcomes in the thematic areas revealed five clusters from 45 keywords. The analysis revealed gaps in knowledge around students’ financial literacy, suggested future research directions and provided recommendations to support improving financial literacy and knowledge among fresh graduates.
Comparative Analysis of Select Technical Investment Strategies on Ethereum’s Performance
Tinashe Mchedezi, Prof Nyankomo Marwa
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of select technical investment strategies and their impact on the performance of Ethereum, one of the leading cryptocurrencies in the digital assets market. As the cryptocurrency landscape evolves, investors increasingly rely on technical analysis to inform their investment decisions. This study adopts a quantitative research design, employing technical indicators to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various investment strategies applied to Ethereum. The strategies analysed include Bollinger Bands, Relative Strength Index (RSI), Moving Average Envelope, and the Buy & Hold strategy. Utilising 3,242 historical daily price spanning from March 2016 to January 2025. The findings indicate that, despite the dynamic nature of the cryptocurrency market, the Buy & Hold strategy emerged as the most effective in terms of long-term returns and risk-adjusted performance. The findings offer critical insights for investors: those seeking optimal long-term returns in the Ethereum market may benefit more from Buy & Hold strategy than from frequent trading based on technical indicators. However, technical analysis-based strategies, particularly RSI, demonstrated relative strength in capturing certain momentum opportunities and may hold value for active traders targeting short-term gains or for risk management in bearish market phases. The study highlights the importance of aligning investment strategy with individual risk tolerance, market conditions, and investment horizon. Future research could explore hybrid strategies that combine passive and active approaches to enhance performance across different market environments.
The role of Management Accounting in promoting Entrepreneurship in Circular Economy Models in SOUTHERN AFRICA
Nontethelelo Tshivhase, Brian Ngwako Mahosi
Abstract
The transition to a circular economy presents a critical opportunity for fostering sustainable development, particularly within Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises in Southern Africa. Entrepreneurship in this region is a key driver of economic inclusion, innovation, and environmental resilience. However, despite the growing interest in Circular Economy models and eco-innovation, the role of Management Accounting in enabling entrepreneurial success in this context remains underexplored. This article examines how Management Accounting practices and tools, especially sustainability Accounting, can promote entrepreneurial decision-making, resource efficiency, and innovation in circular business models. Employing the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and Meta Analysis approach involving SMMEs in Southern Africa, this study identifies how sustainability-oriented accounting frameworks contribute to the development and operationalisation of sustainable business models. The findings indicate that Management Accounting supports eco-innovation through cost visibility, performance measurement, and strategic resource planning. However, systemic barriers such as limited institutional support, skill gaps, and financial constraints, continue to hinder its integration. The study contributes to the literature on sustainable entrepreneurship, Management Accounting and Circular Economy practices in Southern Africa. It offers practical and policy implications for improving support mechanisms for Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises to harness the full potential of Management Accounting in the transition to Circular Economies.
Digital Health Consumer Empowerment: Bibliometric and Content Analysis for a Research Agenda
Mercy Mpinganjira
Abstract
Digital health technologies are fundamentally transforming healthcare delivery and patient-provider relationships, shifting from paternalistic models to participatory approaches that emphasize patient empowerment. This study examines the intersection of patient empowerment and digital health through a bibliometric and content analysis. Using data from Scopus and PubMed databases from 2000-2025, a total of 308 documents were analyzed to map the intellectual structure and research frontiers in this emerging field. Findings revealed exponential growth in scholarly interest with a 15.01% compound annual growth rate, demonstrating significant interdisciplinary collaboration across medicine, public health, information systems, and marketing. The Journal of Medical Internet Research emerged as the leading publication venue, while geographic analysis revealed research concentration in high-income countries with limited representation from developing nations. Content analysis of highly cited works identified conceptual ambiguity around empowerment definitions and highlighted challenges to patient empowerment, including health service provider resistance. The study provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners while proposing a future research agenda addressing important gaps in digital health patient empowerment knowledge generation.
From Marketing Thought to Marketing Theory: Insights from a Systematic Bibliographic Review
Thabang Moleko, Nadine Oosthuizen, Amanda Hlengwa, Matolwandile Mtotywa
Abstract
Marketing is one of the most versatile and context-sensitive fields within business management education (BME). With increasing global complexity driven by the rise of emerging markets, marketing must evolve to stay relevant. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis to examine the performance, conceptual, intellectual, and social structures of marketing over the past 50 years. 1,405 documents were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) and analysed using Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny in R. The corpus comprised 70,246 citations, averaging 59.45 citations per document, indicating strong scholarly engagement. Authors such as Tadajewski and Hunt have shown consistent contributions over two decades. Vargo, Lusch, and Sheth made influential contributions between 2004 and 2020, coinciding with the rise of service-dominant logic and evolving marketing thought. Thematic mapping through co-word analysis revealed dominant clusters around marketing theory, relationship marketing, consumer behaviour, loyalty, and customer satisfaction. Earlier themes like trust and word of mouth have evolved toward political marketing and consumer behaviour, while customer satisfaction now aligns with sensory marketing and firm performance, indicating a shift toward experiential and outcome-driven research. Social structure analysis identified the United States and the United Kingdom as central scholarly hubs, with strong collaborations mainly with Australia, Germany, and China. These findings provide a comprehensive field map, help identify research gaps, and establish a future agenda. The study proposes a future agenda focused on transitioning from Western academic hegemony, improving South-South collaboration, and investigating geopolitics in knowledge production. It also calls for integrating emerging themes such as sustainability, digital marketing, and AI-driven consumer insights into new marketing models to enrich the discipline.
MAPPING DIGITAL HEALTH PROMOTION IN AFRICA: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH TRENDS AND GAPS
Mercy Mpinganjira
Abstract
Digital health is increasingly recognized as a critical enabler of improved healthcare access and equity in Africa. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of digital health service promotion research on the continent, offering a structured overview of scholarly trends, knowledge gaps, and future research directions. Using data extracted from the Scopus database, 83 peer-reviewed documents published between 2012 and 2025 were analyzed through performance analysis, science mapping, and thematic exploration using the Bibliometrix R-package. The findings indicate modest but steady growth in research output, with marked geographical concentration. Despite high international collaboration, the study reveals a limited presence of theoretical frameworks grounded in African cultural and infrastructural realities. Key gaps identified include the underrepresentation of culturally responsive promotional strategies, gender and infrastructure-sensitive approaches and a future research agenda is proposed. This study contributes to theory by systematizing existing literature and highlighting context-specific research needs. Practically, it provides insights to guide policymakers and practitioners in designing inclusive and effective digital health promotion strategies across Africa’s diverse populations, in alignment with SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being.
FROM CONFIDENCE TO CONTINUITY: EXPLORING INCREMENTAL INNOVATION AND CONSUMER TRUST IN DEVELOPING SOCIETY’S INFORMAL SKINCARE SECTOR
Ayeni Adebanji Adejuwon William, Sedio Philadelphia
Abstract
This research examines the relationship between consumer confidence and incremental innovation strategies utilised by small-scale skincare entrepreneurs in Lagos, within Nigeria’s informal economy. This study, rooted in the dynamic capabilities framework, examines the responses of informal businesses to changing consumer preferences via service personalization, product rebranding, and packaging refinement. Utilizing qualitative data from 17 semi-structured interviews, which were thematically analyzed using NVivo 13, the research demonstrates that innovation in these contexts is fundamentally based on customer feedback and trust-based relationships, rather than formal research and development. Results demonstrate a reciprocal relationship: trust enhances innovation, which subsequently bolsters consumer confidence. Micro-level innovations, typically low-cost yet high-impact, provide entrepreneurs with adaptive tools to maintain competitiveness in resource-constrained and rapidly evolving markets. The research highlights relational marketing, transparent communication through social media, and agile responsiveness to consumer needs as essential mechanisms for maintaining growth and trust in informal business contexts. The research enhances the entrepreneurial marketing literature in emerging economies by elucidating the roles of trust and adaptability as strategic assets. The text delineates practical implications, including the necessity of structured feedback systems, investment in micro-rebranding, relational marketing training, and the requirement for supportive policy environments that acknowledge and empower informal entrepreneurs. The study concludes by advocating for additional investigation into trust-based innovation cycles within under-explored entrepreneurial ecosystems. It aligns managerial recommendations with sustainable development goals, specifically SDG 8, which encourages inclusive and sustainable economic growth through decent work and innovation.
The Influence Of User Experience (UX) On The Post-Purchase Outcome Of Generation Y Consumer Satisfaction Of South African E-Commerce Retail Organisations
Alyssa Shawntay Williams
Abstract
Using a quantitative research approach, data were collected from 405 Generation Y respondents through an online survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were employed to test the relationships between UX dimensions – usefulness, usability, desirability, findability, accessibility, and credibility – and Generation Y consumer satisfaction. The findings confirm high model reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.70) with three UX dimensions significantly impacting satisfaction: usefulness (β = 0.19, p < 0.001), credibility (β = 0.14, p < 0.001), and desirability (β = 0.076, p = 0.006). Notably, usability, findability, and accessibility were non-significant, suggesting these may represent baseline expectations rather than satisfaction differentiators for this demographic. The study recommends that South African e-commerce retailers strategically prioritise resource allocation toward enhancing usefulness through relevant content, improving credibility through secure transactions and transparency, and strengthening desirability through visually appealing and engaging design that resonates with Generation Y preferences. [/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url="https://internationalbusinessconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/CP206_Williams-final-corrected.pdf" url_new_window="on" button_text="Download" _builder_version="4.27.4" custom_button="on" button_text_size="14px" button_text_color="#ffffff" button_bg_color="#242366" button_border_color="rgba(0,0,0,0)" button_border_radius="50px" button_letter_spacing="2px" button_font="|700||on|||||" button_icon="E||divi||400" custom_padding="15px|30px|15px|30px|true|true" hover_enabled="0" global_colors_info="{}" theme_builder_area="post_content" sticky_enabled="0"][/et_pb_button][/et_pb_column][/et_pb_row][/et_pb_section]
DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN BANK CLIENTS WHO SEEK REDRESS
Xolile Antoni, Kholiswa Mathiyase, Chantal Rootman
Abstract
The proliferation of banking fraud incidents has increased the number of complaints against banks in South Africa. Bank clients may exhibit different complaint behaviours when they become victims of fraud. Complaint behaviour is driven not only by actual service failure or dissatisfaction but also by other factors, including the demographic characteristics of clients. Some clients may choose to seek redress directly from the bank, while others may not. Clients who seek redress when they encounter banking fraud effectively provide banks with the opportunity to correct mistakes, prevent re-occurrences of fraudulent transactions and preserve the quality of the bank-client relationships. The purpose of the study was to determine the demographic differences in banking clients who are seeking redress. A quantitative research methodology was adopted, and 399 South African bank clients who had previously been victims of fraud were sampled. Various statistical techniques, including descriptive, T-test and ANOVA, were used to analyse the data. The results showed that the scale used to measure the seeking of redress is valid and reliable. Furthermore, there are significant differences in redress behaviours between different population groups and education levels. This study provides recommendations to banks on how to improve respondents’ views on seeking redress for bank fraud.
Stakeholder Perceptions and Strategic Alignment in the Wholesale and Retail Sector: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of W&R SETA Learnerships in South Africa (2019-2023)
Lehlohonolo Amos Masitenyane, Elmarie Strydom
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of Wholesale and Retail Sector Education and Training Authority (W&R SETA) funded work-based learnerships (WBL) to tackle youth unemployment and skills gaps in South Africa. To evaluate the efficiency of W&R SETA-funded WBLs from the perspective of key stakeholders, including learners, employers, and training providers. The stakeholder theory view supports inclusive and collaborative engagement among SETAs stakeholders to ensure the sustainability and impact of learnerships. A mixed-methods study design was conducted with qualitative data collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews with employers and training providers in 2024/2025. Thematic data analysis and inductive coding frameworks were employed. Quantitative data were sourced from 430 learners, analysed using SPSS v29.0. Learnerships enhance employability and entrepreneurial potential, but challenges included weak soft skills, mentorship gaps, digital unpreparedness, and repeated participation. Employers benefit from talent pipelines and compliance, while some exploit the system. Success stories and systemic issues in motivation, programme delivery, and curriculum alignment are shared. Effective learnerships depend on aligning curricula with 4IR demands, strengthening mentorship, and refining recruitment. Collaborative stakeholder engagement is key to merging formal and informal learning that enhances employability and entrepreneurship. Advanced understanding of vocational training is provided, and how stakeholder engagement, inclusive design, and follow-up support programme success. Coordinated recommendations are presented to strengthen work-based learning as a development tool.
Personal Branding and the Authentic Professional Identity Model
Ilse Struweg, Nicole Cunningham
Abstract
This study examines alumni reflections on personal branding development after completing a university personal branding assignment during their BCom Honours in Marketing Management. Using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the experiences of nine alumni were analysed to understand how personal branding develops as a lived experience and impacts professional identity formation. The findings identify personal branding as a complex, five-stage process of authentic professional identity development rather than just strategic impression management. The Authentic Professional Identity Development (APID) model shows that sustainable professional success comes from integrating personal authenticity with professional impact. Results challenge existing frameworks by demonstrating that effective personal branding depends on authentic integration rather than strategic impression management and competitiveness. This research presents an initial, process-oriented theory of personal branding development, building on Social Cognitive Career Theory and rethinking Self-Presentation Theory. Implications include curriculum design suggestions that focus on process-based approaches, confidence-building strategies, and authentic integration methods for higher education institutions and career development professionals.
The Role of User Skill, Ease, and Enjoyment in Shaping Uber App Usage Intentions
Peter Sibusiso Gwebu
Abstract
This study investigates the psychological and experiential factors influencing users’ intention to continue using the Uber ride-hailing application in South Africa. Drawing from the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research integrates constructs of user skill, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment to explain continuance intention in a mobile service context. A cross-sectional quantitative design was adopted, and data were collected through a structured online survey completed by 340 active Uber users in Gauteng Province. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess measurement and structural models. The findings reveal that user skill significantly predicts perceived usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment. Furthermore, perceived ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment each have a significant and positive influence on users’ intention to continue using the Uber app. Enjoyment also exerts an indirect influence on continuance intention via perceived usefulness. The strongest effects were observed between user skill and perceived ease of use, and between perceived usefulness and continuance intention, highlighting the importance of both digital self-efficacy and perceived utility in fostering sustained usage. These results offer key managerial insights for ride-hailing service providers operating in emerging markets. Specifically, enhancing user digital skills, designing for cognitive simplicity, and fostering hedonic engagement may lead to stronger platform loyalty. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on mobile app continuance behaviour by demonstrating the integrated role of cognitive, affective, and self-efficacy factors in app-based transport services. It also underscores the importance of context-specific factors such as digital inequality in shaping post-adoption user behaviour.
RESIDENT SATISFACTION WITH PUBLIC SERVICES IN NON-METROPOLITAN ILLINOIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Adee Athiyaman, Thebe Magapa
Abstract
The American Customer Satisfaction Index suggests that citizens are dissatisfied with services in their communities. Since one’s commitment or loyalty to a community depends on one’s evaluation of the community, it is essential that communities gauge resident satisfaction with public services such as garbage removal. This paper constructs a county-level public service satisfaction index for rural Illinois – counties with less than 50, 000 people. The satisfaction index is then employed to optimize public-service resource allocation. Results suggest that to maximize resident satisfaction, counties should spend 41% of their budgets on education, 12% on public safety, and around 32% on health-related welfare.
Developing a Contemporary Conceptual Model for Political Branding: A Systematic Literature Review
Chuma Diniso, Danie Ferreira, Marlé van Eyk
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive conceptual model for political branding, developed through a systematic literature review of 57 scholarly publications published between 2015 and 2025. Anchored in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Identity Theory, and Self-Congruity Theory, the proposed conceptual model integrates independent variables (brand identity, brand image, brand trust, political communication channels, and political candidates), mediating variables (brand attachment and self-image congruence), and dependent variables (voter intention, political participation, and electoral success). The study responds to growing scholarly and practical interest in how political branding shapes voter perceptions and behaviours, particularly amid declining support for dominant parties across different countries. Employing PRISMA guidelines, the systematic literature review identifies thematic themes and sub-themes across global political contexts. It synthesises them into a contemporary conceptual model that captures the multidimensional nature of political branding. The proposed conceptual model offers strategic insights for political parties, candidates, and campaign managers to better understand and influence voter behaviour. The study concludes by proposing future empirical testing of the model to validate the relationships among its variables and enhance its practical utility in diverse electoral environments.
Factors Affecting After-Sales Customer Experiences In The Second-Hand Automotive Industry In Gauteng, South Africa
Mr CA Mtsweni, Prof JJ Prinsloo, Mr SI van Zyl
Abstract
The second-hand automotive industry in Gauteng, South Africa, plays a crucial role in facilitating vehicle ownership within a competitive and dynamic market. However, this sector faces significant challenges in delivering consistent after-sales services, which are critical determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study investigates the factors influencing after-sales customer experiences in this industry, specifically focusing on the interplay between service quality, communication strategies, warranty provisions, and customer support. Utilising a quantitative research methodology, data was collected through structured surveys targeting second-hand vehicle buyers in Gauteng. The research aimed to identify critical drivers of customer satisfaction and loyalty, explore barriers to achieving these outcomes, and propose actionable strategies for industry stakeholders. The findings reveal that customer satisfaction is strongly influenced by tangible factors such as vehicle quality and warranty support, as well as intangible aspects like trust, effective communication, and service recovery processes. While some dealerships excel, others demonstrate variability in service delivery, undermining confidence and repeat business. The study highlights significant demographic nuances, such as varying expectations among different customer segments and the influence of dealership practices on post-purchase satisfaction. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of customer experience in the automotive sector by validating the applicability of models like SERVQUAL and extending them to the unique challenges of the second-hand market in Gauteng. Practical recommendations are provided to address identified service gaps, including implementing standardised service protocols, enhancing staff training, and leveraging digital platforms for improved customer engagement. These strategies aim to foster customer loyalty, improve business sustainability, and position dealerships competitively in a market increasingly driven by customer-centric practices. The study concludes by emphasising the importance of aligning after-sales services with evolving consumer expectations and regulatory frameworks for sustained growth in South Africa’s second-hand automotive industry.
Consumer Well-being In Chatbot Interactions: Exploring Key Psychological Drivers
Ms Rungasamy & Dr Ndoro
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of key psychological drivers – autonomy, interactivity, trust, perceived humanness and perceived intrusiveness – on consumer well-being (CWB) in interactions with chatbots. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected from 253 participants through an online survey. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the variables. The findings revealed that interactivity, trust and perceived humanness significantly enhance consumer well-being, while autonomy and perceived intrusiveness do not directly affect well-being. However, autonomy significantly reduces perceived intrusiveness, suggesting that user control can mitigate negative perceptions of intrusiveness. These results highlight the importance of interactivity, trust and human-like features in enhancing user experiences with chatbots. The study contributes to the growing literature on human-chatbot interactions and provides practical recommendations for designing more effective and user-centered chatbots.
Determinants of Uber User Satisfaction: A Technology Acceptance Perspective in the South African Context
Ryan Mathaba
Abstract
Current research explores the satisfaction determinants within the South African ride-sourcing platform. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), it evaluates how users’ perceptions of operational simplicity and functional value influence their experience and satisfaction with Uber’s platform. Data were gathered through an online questionnaire disseminated by means of snowball sampling to Uber users in Gauteng Province, who then shared the survey link within their own networks. 340 validated responses were tested through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS‑SEM).
The results highlight that viewing the app as straightforward to navigate enhances both perceived usefulness and the overall ride‑ordering experience. By contrast, perceived ease of use reflecting operational simplicity has an insignificant impact on user satisfaction, contradicting the predominant earlier studies in digital‑service research. In addition, perceived usefulness, which signifies the system values significantly, impacts users’ experience and satisfaction, while user experience influences satisfaction. The study provides valuable insight and practical implications for Uber managers and app developers seeking to improve satisfaction levels, particularly in emerging markets. Even though the study was conducted among Uber users in Gauteng Province, it established a basis to explore regional discrepancies and incorporate broader factors such as responsiveness, assurance, and digital payment preferences in future research.
The Power of Virtual Influencers: How Anthropomorphism Drives Authenticity, Credibility, and Purchase Intentions
Mayemba Karel Nzita
Abstract
This study investigates how anthropomorphic cues in virtual influencers (VIs) shape consumer perceptions of authenticity and source credibility, cultivate parasocial bonds, and influence purchase intentions, with gender examined as a possible moderating factor. Grounded in anthropomorphism theory and parasocial interaction scholarship, we conducted PLS-SEM using SmartPLS 4 based on the data collected from a total of 142 respondents exposed to anthropomorphic virtual influencers scenarios. The analysis reveals that perceived anthropomorphism markedly enhances perceptions of authenticity, yet somewhat unexpectedly diminishes perceptions of credibility, underscoring a complex balance between emotional resonance and trust. Authenticity proved to be a key driver in the formation of parasocial relationships, which subsequently had a notable influence on strengthening purchase intentions, thereby underscoring the crucial mediating role of these one-sided emotional connections. Conversely, perceptions of credibility were found to hinder the establishment of such relationships and showed no direct impact on consumers’ intentions to purchase. The mediation analysis further revealed that parasocial relationships serve to partially transmit the influence of authenticity on purchasing behaviour. Additionally, the expected moderating impact of gender on the relationship between anthropomorphism and purchase intentions did not turn out to be significant, indicating largely uniform responses across male and female participants. These findings advance theoretical insights into consumer engagement with virtual influencers and furnish practical implications for marketers aiming to craft anthropomorphic characteristics and relational content that strengthen consumer bonds and ultimately drive purchase intentions.
Brand Engagement and Loyalty on TikTok: #BeautyBrands
Semona Pillay, Ilse Struweg
Abstract
With TikTok driving $31.7 billion in global beauty sales and emerging as the fastest-growing social platform in South Africa (reaching 23.4 million users in 2025), beauty brands face exceptional opportunities to build consumer brand relationships and loyalty through strategic social media engagement. Using the Social Media Brand Engagement model, this study investigates how TikTok beauty brand engagement influences brand loyalty in South Africa’s $6 billion beauty market. A quantitative research design using 214 questionnaire responses analysed through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and SMART-PLS examined relationships between TikTok brand involvement, communication, engagement, relationship quality, word-of-mouth, and brand loyalty. TikTok beauty brand involvement and brand communication significantly influenced brand engagement, positively impacting relationship quality. Brand relationship quality drove word-of-mouth, which significantly influenced brand loyalty. Brand engagement mediated relationships between involvement and communication with relationship quality. Beauty brands can leverage TikTok’s algorithm-driven engagement through authentic influencer partnerships, hashtag campaigns, and user-generated content to build sustainable brand loyalty in South Africa’s digitally engaged consumer market. This study provides the first empirical analysis of TikTok’s influence on beauty brand loyalty in emerging markets, offering strategic insights for brands navigating Africa’s rapidly digitising beauty landscape.
From Trial to Loyalty: Examining Continued Usage of Self-Service Kiosks in Emerging Markets
Nkosivile Welcome Madinga, Reza Grever, Sihle Mugwena, Siphiwe Dlamini, Bongazana Dondolo
Abstract
Despite the introduction of fashion retail self-service kiosks in in emerging markets, limited research has examined how consumers in these markets perceive and engage with these technologies. In particular, the role of personal characteristics in shaping attitudes and continuous usage intentions remains under examined. Therefore, this study examines factors influencing attitudes towards self-service kiosks and continuous usage intentions. Data was collected using self-administered surveys and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results show that perceived usefulness positively influences both attitudes towards fashion self-service kiosks and the intention to continue using them, while perceived ease of use does not significantly impact either outcome. Notably, while the need for human interaction enhances attitudes towards self-service kiosks, it negatively affects continued use, and technology anxiety unexpectedly shows a positive relationship with both attitude and intention. Retailers should provide support to reduce anxiety and build user confidence in using self-service kiosks. In addition, they should adopt a hybrid service model, offering a mix of traditional checkouts and self-service kiosks at the initial stages of self-service kiosks introductions
Renewable Energy Marketing amongst South African farmers
Eric de Villiers, Hein Prinsloo, Rozanne Dante Du Plessis & Olumida Jaiyeoba
Abstract
Assessing the feasibility of renewable energy compared to fossil fuels in South Africa is essential for fostering a healthier and safer environment while protecting natural resources. There is a noticeable disconnect between South Africa’s transnational climate commitments and the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy’s outlook on the country’s energy future. This study aims to understand the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy and how it can be successfully implemented in South Africa. Despite a global shift towards sustainable energy sources in response to climate change, urbanization, and diminishing resources, South Africa’s energy mix contains minimal renewable energy.
The primary goal of this research was to explore the viability of marketing renewable energy in South Africa to address the nation’s inconsistent energy supply. The study follows an interpretivist paradigm grounded in inductive reasoning. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers in the North West Province who currently use some form of renewable energy on their farms. A qualitative research approach was applied, utilising non-probability sampling through purposive and convenience sampling methods. Data saturation was achieved after interviewing eight participants via Zoom, Teams, and telephone. The research findings were analysed using thematic analysis.
The results show that 75% of participants consistently use renewable energy sources, with all participants (100%) experiencing cost savings. Additionally, 50% of participants reported benefiting from alternative energy sources, while 87.5% believe that the employment rate would improve through a more diversified energy mix. All participants (100%) expressed satisfaction with their decision to invest in renewable energy.
Participants highlighted that this study’s contribution lies in promoting new and adaptive technologies. The findings suggest that renewable energy adoption could assist in mitigating critical issues such as load shedding and inefficiencies in South Africa’s energy supply, facilitated by data-driven decision-making and enhanced collaboration among stakeholders.
The primary goal of this research was to explore the viability of marketing renewable energy in South Africa to address the nation’s inconsistent energy supply. The study follows an interpretivist paradigm grounded in inductive reasoning. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with farmers in the North West Province who currently use some form of renewable energy on their farms. A qualitative research approach was applied, utilising non-probability sampling through purposive and convenience sampling methods. Data saturation was achieved after interviewing eight participants via Zoom, Teams, and telephone. The research findings were analysed using thematic analysis.
The results show that 75% of participants consistently use renewable energy sources, with all participants (100%) experiencing cost savings. Additionally, 50% of participants reported benefiting from alternative energy sources, while 87.5% believe that the employment rate would improve through a more diversified energy mix. All participants (100%) expressed satisfaction with their decision to invest in renewable energy.
Participants highlighted that this study’s contribution lies in promoting new and adaptive technologies. The findings suggest that renewable energy adoption could assist in mitigating critical issues such as load shedding and inefficiencies in South Africa’s energy supply, facilitated by data-driven decision-making and enhanced collaboration among stakeholders.
A proposed hypothetical framework for creating brand loyalty through metaverse and eudemonic experiences among generation z consumers in over-the-top platforms
Marvelous Mudanganyi, Adéle Potgieter, Felix Amoah
Abstract
The entry of several streaming platforms and lower switching costs have intensified competition in the OTT industry. Media conglomerates have also entered the OTT marketplace, producing original content and distributing a large number of films and television shows, posing a substantial challenge to market pioneers in the OTT market space. A shift in strategic approach is required when marketing to Generation Z (Gen Z) based on their digital consumption habits, values and beliefs. To develop brand loyalty in the highly competitive OTT marketplace, OTT streaming platforms have invested considerably in subscriber acquisition and retention. Given that the Gen Z cohort is considered the top users of streaming platforms, this paper aims to propose a hypothetical framework for investigating how OTT platforms can foster brand loyalty through metaverse and eudemonic experiences among Gen Z consumers.
Metaverse and eudemonic experiences plays an important role in capturing the attention of techno-savvy Generation Z consumers on OTT platforms. Hence, the adoption of metaverse technology and fulfilment of eudemonic needs could increase consumer engagement and generate brand loyalty to OTT platforms. To this end, this research will investigate how OTT platforms can create brand loyalty through metaverse and eudemonic experiences among Gen Z consumers in South Africa.
A quantitative research approach will be undertaken, collecting data from 384 Generation Z respondents via an online questionnaire. Reliability and validity tests will be performed to validate the scales that will be used in the study. The structural equation modelling (SEM) technique will be used to analyse the data and relationships between the dimensions of brand loyalty, metaverse experiences as well as eudemonic experiences.
The hypothetical framework will provide valuable scholarly and managerial insights into eudemonia and the metaverse by integrating immersive experiences to promote consumer well-being, which fosters brand loyalty. Furthermore, a hypothetical framework analysing eudemonic and the metaverse in marketing can help organisations build innovative marketing strategies, personalised consumer experiences, and a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour among the Gen Z cohort.
Metaverse and eudemonic experiences plays an important role in capturing the attention of techno-savvy Generation Z consumers on OTT platforms. Hence, the adoption of metaverse technology and fulfilment of eudemonic needs could increase consumer engagement and generate brand loyalty to OTT platforms. To this end, this research will investigate how OTT platforms can create brand loyalty through metaverse and eudemonic experiences among Gen Z consumers in South Africa.
A quantitative research approach will be undertaken, collecting data from 384 Generation Z respondents via an online questionnaire. Reliability and validity tests will be performed to validate the scales that will be used in the study. The structural equation modelling (SEM) technique will be used to analyse the data and relationships between the dimensions of brand loyalty, metaverse experiences as well as eudemonic experiences.
The hypothetical framework will provide valuable scholarly and managerial insights into eudemonia and the metaverse by integrating immersive experiences to promote consumer well-being, which fosters brand loyalty. Furthermore, a hypothetical framework analysing eudemonic and the metaverse in marketing can help organisations build innovative marketing strategies, personalised consumer experiences, and a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour among the Gen Z cohort.
Unpacking South African consumers’ perception and trust in local vs. global fashion brands
LM Mathole, M Pretorius
Abstract
In recent decades, the South African luxury market has been steadily evolving, striving to establish a distinct identity both internationally and domestically. Despite efforts to promote local brands globally, challenges persist in shaping favourable perceptions among South African consumers. Within the broader African context, luxury branding often maintains connotations tied to nature, frequently expressed through animal print motifs, which serve as symbolic representations of authenticity and natural beauty. However, these associations have contributed to stereotypes that hinder the development of a unique South African luxury identity. Many local consumers perceive the South African luxury clothing sector as offering a limited and less prestigious experience, largely due to perceived restrictions rooted in these stereotypes. As a result, there is a tendency to favour international luxury brands, despite their higher price points, because consumers associate them with higher quality, status, and trustworthiness. This preference raises questions about the psychological factors influencing consumer choices.
This research aims to explore the extent to which perceptions—considered a key psychological factor—affect consumer behaviour’s trust toward local luxury products. Understanding these perceptions can provide valuable insights into barriers faced by domestic brands and inform strategies to reshape consumer attitudes. The study also seeks to identify ways in which perceptions can be leveraged to increase support for South African luxury fashion, fostering a stronger local market presence and enhancing competitive positioning both locally and globally.
This research aims to explore the extent to which perceptions—considered a key psychological factor—affect consumer behaviour’s trust toward local luxury products. Understanding these perceptions can provide valuable insights into barriers faced by domestic brands and inform strategies to reshape consumer attitudes. The study also seeks to identify ways in which perceptions can be leveraged to increase support for South African luxury fashion, fostering a stronger local market presence and enhancing competitive positioning both locally and globally.
Supply Chain Management Tactics and Competitive Advantage of South African State-Owned Enterprises
Pfanelo Nematatani, Elizabeth Chinomona
Abstract
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are crucial in the global economy, but often they do not efficiently contribute to the growth or public services of the country. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the management and competitive advantage of South African SOEs. The study was conducted in the selected South African SOEs, Denel, Alexkor, Eskom, SAFCOL, Transnet and South African Airways (SAA), in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Through a quantitative approach, surveying 863 supply chain practitioners working in South African SOEs in Gauteng province, data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 28.0) and Amos software (28.0). All the proposed relationships are met, with a P-values below 0.01 and T-statistics above 1, which means they can be considered accurate. The findings contribute to enhancing the efficiency and proficiency of South Africa’s economy. The limited attention given to this subject in the South African context serves as an important motivation for undertaking of this study.
Merchandise Planning as a Change Management Strategy in Cape Town’s Clothing Retail Industry
Innocent Tumelo Ntuli and Victor Virimai Mugobo
Abstract
Clothing retail companies constantly have to deal with ever-changing consumer demands a dynamic and volatile competitive environment, economic challenges, and pandemics among other challenges. As a significant number of South African fashion retailers continue to struggle to manage their merchandise, a proposition was developed for this study as literature acknowledges the benefits of effective merchandise planning in a retail company. The purpose of this research study was therefore to identify how merchandise planning could be used effectively to manage the ever-changing merchandise requirements of a selected fashion retail store in Cape Town, South Africa. A clothing retail company and 12 participants working in a management capacity were purposively selected. A qualitative approach was used, and interviews were conducted on the selected participants to participate in the study. This study revealed that merchandise planning is being used as a strategy to manage demand effectively. Throughout this study, there has been examination and, where possible, explanation of the intricate relationship between merchandise planning and its ability to help retailers adapt to dynamic shifts in supply chains, global market trends, and local external factors, such as load shedding and the over-dependence on non-local manufacturing. The study also established the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the fashion industry as a whole. The study further revealed the merchandise planning strategies that are used by the clothing retail company, in order to stay competitive and continue to meet the needs and expectations of its customers. By synthesising the evidence presented in this study, meaningful conclusions that shed light on the significance and implications of merchandise planning in the retail business landscape were drawn.
Supply Chain Management Barriers And Their Operational Impacts On Rural Primary Healthcare Facilities in South Africa
Zamanguni Fortunate Kubheka
Abstract
Inefficiencies in supply chain management (SCM) remain a persistent barrier to effective service delivery in rural primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in South Africa. Operational Managers (OMs), tasked with overseeing supply chain processes at the PHC level, face centralised bureaucratic procurement systems, decentralised storage practices, and infrastructural limitations that impede the availability of medical and other supplies as well as service continuity. This study explores supply chain barriers, operational impacts, and improvement strategies from the perspective of operational managers in rural facilities. A qualitative, exploratory study approach was employed. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 OMs across rural PHC clinics in the uMkhanyakude District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants were purposively selected based on direct responsibility SCM oversight. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, supported by NVivo software. The results showed persistent inefficiencies in procurement and supply chain management. Main challenges included centralised and uncoordinated procurement, bureaucratic Non-Stock Item (NSI) ordering processes, lack of direct supplier engagement, and reliance on manual inventory tracking. Infrastructure maintenance delays further exacerbated operational disruptions. These inefficiencies manifested as stock-outs, staff workload imbalances, service delivery interruptions, and compromised patient care. OMs reported resorting to informal emergency procurement and personal financial contributions to sustain facility operations. Recommended strategies included decentralising supplier engagement, digitising inventory management, establishing emergency procurement funds, and providing supply chain training for OMs. Supply chain inefficiencies in rural South African PHC facilities are deeply embedded within centralised procurement systems and technological gaps, placing undue burden on Operational Managers and compromising service delivery. Strategic interventions that decentralise procurement, digitise inventory processes, and empower these frontline managers are urgently needed to strengthen rural health systems. Future research should assess the implementation outcomes of such reforms in resource-constrained clinic settings.
Impact of operational uncertainty in manufacturing
Matolwandile M Mtotywa, Matshediso Mohapeloa
Abstract
The decline in the manufacturing sector in South Africa poses significant challenges to economic growth and employment, thus creating an urgent need to understand the dynamics that influence performance in this sector. The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of operational uncertainty in manufacturing. This study was based on a post-positivist paradigm, collecting empirical data from 22 experts with experience in the manufacturing sector who provided qualitative input for quantitative modelling. The results indicate on average that the dimension of operational uncertainty resulted in a short-term to significant manufacturing impact on eight key determinants of the manufacturing operation. These determinants include supply chain disruption (SCD), increase in the cost of production (ICP), market access restrictions (MAR), fluctuation of currency value (FCV), change in customer demand (CCD), restricted labour availability and productivity (RLA), quality of the product (QoP) and compromised knowledge management (CKM). The greatest impact came from pandemic turbulence (PBT), growing geopolitical tension (GPT), generational work behaviour and ethics (GWB), and uncertainty of energy stability and security (ESS). A hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed with three clusters with the highest impact being GPT and PBT, mixed/ selective being ESS, process capability and variation (PVC), cost-of-living-driven consumer behavioural change (CLC), and entrenchment power of large firms (EPL), and low to moderate being policy and regulatory uncertainty (PRU), GWB, and skills for future industrial work (SFW). This study provides a diagnostic post-positivist analysis of operational uncertainty in South African manufacturing. Research contributes with context-specific insights and advances theoretical and methodological understanding of uncertainty modelling, advancing contingency theory. The findings also offer practical guidance to industry leaders and policymakers on how to navigate complex disruptions due to emerging operational uncertainty dimensions.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF E-PROCUREMENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN PUBLIC SECTOR
Gloria Mothibi, Irvine Langton, Chengedzai Mafini
Abstract
Procurement is the primary supply chain management (SCM) area where technology has gained momentum. This has been realised using e-procurement systems. However, the adoption and implementation of e-procurement can be achieved more effectively if available technology adoption models are considered. This study tested a conceptual framework integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) in implementing e-procurement practices in the South African public sector. The study adopted a quantitative survey design to evaluate relationships between the research constructs. The survey involved 263 SCM professionals drawn from the public sector in Gauteng Province. Hypotheses tests showed that five factors, namely, perceived use, self-efficacy (SE), facilitating conditions (FC), personal competence (PC) and external assistance, positively predicted attitudes towards using e-procurement systems. However, perceived ease of use (PEOU) was statistically insignificant. Attitudes towards system use predicted behavioural intentions, influencing actual e-procurement system use. The theoretical framework fusing the TAM and UTAUT models provides useful insights for other researchers. It adds valuable knowledge regarding the factors that might contribute to adopting e-procurement in the South African public sector. The study further echoes the SCM challenges the public sector faces and demonstrates how adopting e-procurement could improve the system while reducing service delivery inequality.
The Influence of Isomorphic Pressures and Managerial Attitudes on Sustainable Supply Chain Performance Measures in Manufacturing SMEs
Mamorena Lucia Matsoso
Abstract
Despite their critical role in economic development, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often lag large corporations in implementing sustainable performance measures. This study investigates how institutional isomorphic pressures, and managerial attitudes influence sustainable supply chain performance measures (SSCPM) in manufacturing SMEs. Adopting a positivist paradigm and a quantitative research design, the study utilised a structured questionnaire to gather data from manufacturing SMEs based in Cape Town, South Africa. The results indicate that normative and mimetic institutional pressures positively influence SSCPM, while coercive pressures have a negative effect. Furthermore, managerial attitudes emerged as a significant determinant of sustainability performance in SMEs. The findings underscore the need to extend institutional theory to better accommodate the contextual institutional complexities encountered in developing economies. The study highlights the importance of developing alternative, non-coercive mechanisms to promote sustainable practices amongst SMEs, particularly in regions with weak regulatory enforcement.
Digital Transformation of Competitive Intelligence: Strategic Tools for Smart Enterprises in the Fourth and Fifth Industrial Revolutions
Murembiwa Justice Mashau, Tshilidzi Eric Nenzhelele, Ntsieni Fitzgerald Ramasimu
Abstract
The development of Competitive Intelligence (CI) has undergone substantial changes because of digital technology advancements which define the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the emerging Fifth Industrial Revolution (5IR). The traditional practice of CI involved systematic data collection and analysis to deliver business insights about competitive market dynamics. Digital technologies including Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing, and interconnected digital ecosystems have transformed the entire process of intelligence collection, analysis, and strategic advantage utilisation. The 4IR optimised CI methodologies through automation and data-driven decision-making which delivers real-time insights and predictive analytics. The emerging 5IR focuses on human-machine collaboration and ethical AI and hyper-personalisation which creates new challenges and opportunities for CI practitioners. The acceleration of digitalisation under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 9: industry, innovation, and infrastructure demonstrates how technological progress improves CI through innovative strategy optimisation. The paper investigates CI evolution through a concept-based literature review which identifies fundamental elements that shape contemporary intelligence systems. The analysis focuses on four fundamental areas which include AI-based intelligence analysis and digital ecosystem integration for strategic decisions and ethical aspects of automated intelligence and future directions of CI in automated business environments. Modern digital ecosystems operate as interconnected systems in line with principles of systems theory that describe how these systems influence strategic decision-making and business operations. The research demonstrates how digital innovations transform business operations while providing organisations with strategic guidance to maintain their competitive edge. Smart businesses need to understand CI evolution in the digital age to use technological progress ethically. The research connects theoretical and practical knowledge to link traditional CI frameworks with new paradigms that result from technological progress.
Buyer-Supplier Collaboration and Resilience in South Africa’s Chemical Sector: A Case Study Approach
Theuns Pelser, Sisi Bande
Abstract
This paper explores the evolution of buyer-supplier collaboration as a critical enabler of supply chain resilience in South Africa’s chemical sector amidst increasing global disruptions. It investigates how collaborative practices have adapted to enhance supply chain flexibility, visibility, and velocity in response to challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions, and logistical bottlenecks. Employing an exploratory qualitative design, the study gathered data through semi-structured interviews with 11 key stakeholders representing diverse roles across supply chain and sales functions. Using thematic analysis, the research identifies emerging patterns and practices that illustrate the dynamic transformation of buyer-supplier relationships. Key themes include the evolution of trust-based engagement models, the adoption of digital communication tools, and joint contingency planning. The study also highlights critical barriers to collaboration, such as misaligned incentives and capability gaps, and proposes strategic solutions to overcome these. Notably, the findings demonstrate that South African organisations have increasingly adopted globally recognised collaborative strategies, supporting their broader applicability in managing disruption. This research contributes to a growing body of supply chain resilience literature by providing empirical evidence from a developing economy context and addressing the gap left by prior studies that have relied primarily on secondary data.
Evaluating the Impact of Electric Vehicle Adoption on Urban Transportation Systems: Infrastructure, Policy, and Environmental Implications
Alexander Samuels, Keletsamaile Motatsa
Abstract
This study evaluates the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into urban transportation systems, with a focus on infrastructure development, policy frameworks, and environmental outcomes. Using a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA methodology, the research synthesizes findings from 57 peer-reviewed studies to explore the multi-dimensional impacts of EV adoption in urban environments. The results indicate that EVs contribute significantly to emission reductions, improved urban air quality, and the development of sustainable mobility systems. Key enabling factors include robust charging infrastructure, smart grid integration, and well-designed incentive policies. However, the analysis also identifies persistent barriers such as infrastructure scalability limitations, policy gaps, and unequal access in developing contexts. The study employs the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions as its theoretical lens, illustrating the relationship between technology, governance, and urban systems. By providing actionable recommendations for urban planners and policymakers, the study contributes to advancing sustainable transport strategies in alignment with global environmental goals. The study concludes with strategic insights for future planning and policy development to facilitate effective EV integration in dynamic urban landscapes.
Antecedents of procurement effectiveness: A case of municipalities in Gauteng province of South Africa
Hendswell Baloyi, Elizabeth Chinomona
Abstract
Procurement is a big business practice, and the government remains the most significant entity that makes the acquisition and disposal of goods/services on a larger scale in most countries, which attracts countless players and stakeholders. However, South African municipalities face many supply chain challenges ranging from ineffective procurement, a lack of staff training, a lack of capacity, transparency and mismanagement of resources, to mention a few. To minimise these challenges, municipalities must understand critical success factors in implementing effective procurement strategies, processes and systems, whilst avoiding the barriers affecting the functioning of procurement processes. This study followed a correlational quantitative design. The target population comprised procurement personnel in managerial positions from Sedibeng District Municipality and its three local municipalities (Emfuleni, Midvaal and Lesedi), both male and female from all racial groups in South Africa were targeted. A probability simple random sampling technique was employed to identify 148 respondents fitting the predetermined sample criteria. Relevant areas, research methods and data-acquiring procedures were described. The Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Model (Smart PLS) was used to analyse the dataset. The relationships were statistically significant, explained 72 per cent of the variance in procurement effectiveness. By diligently addressing the barriers, municipalities can improve their supply chain processes, thereby enhancing procurement effectiveness. Municipalities should allocate and devote their resources towards procurement planning, resource allocation and staff competency to stimulate and strengthen supply chain effectiveness. Based on these findings, limitations were outlined together with the conclusions and recommendations for future avenues.
Integrating Human-Centric Systems to Improve Smart Sustainable Supply Chains: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Alexander Samuels
Abstract
This study explores the integration of human-centric systems within smart sustainable supply chains, emphasizing their transformative role in advancing efficiency, adaptability, and sustainability in the context of Industry 6.0. Drawing on a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA methodology, the research synthesizes insights from 23 peer-reviewed sources to identify critical opportunities and challenges linked to the adoption of human-machine collaboration technologies such as AI, blockchain, and IoT. The findings reveal that human-centric systems improve supply chain performance by encouraging stakeholder engagement, improving transparency, and enabling real-time decision-making. However, significant barriers such as infrastructure deficits, skill shortages, policy misalignment, and resistance to change remain prevalent, particularly in developing economies like South Africa. The study adopts the Socio-Technical Systems (STS) Theory as a guiding framework, aligning technological innovation with human values to promote holistic development. It contributes to both academic and practical discourse by offering a strategic framework for sustainable supply chain transformation. The research concludes with policy and managerial recommendations to encourage inclusive, resilient, and intelligent supply chains, while proposing future research directions to further embed human-centric innovation in supply chain ecosystems.
A Firm Competitive Framework of Reverse Logistics for Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Retailers
Mpho Sharon Makgedi Makaleng
Abstract
Purpose: The FMCG industry must implement the correct RL processes; implement RL practices, RL best practices, and RL strategies; and comprehend the RL critical success factors (CSFs), which can minimise RL challenges and increase the firm’s competitiveness. This will assist in recapturing the value of the goods. The purpose of this study was to develop a RL competitiveness framework that guides FMCG retailers on how to improve RL practices, best practices, and strategies, and maximise RL CSFs, to enhance the firm’s competitiveness.
Design: This quantitative study adopted a positivist research philosophy, integrating both descriptive and explanatory approaches. Data were collected from 418 FMCG retailers and consumers through two structured, close-ended questionnaires distributed via SurveyMonkey. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) path analysis were conducted using AMOS version 27 to test the proposed hypotheses.
Findings: The hypothesis results indicate that the study’s constructs have a significant influence on firm competitiveness. This validates the significance of the constructs and the study in the FMCG retail sector.
Originality: There is a dearth of literature on RL competitiveness in the FMCG retail sector. Unquestionably, this current study contributes significantly to the literature for future studies. This study has created theoretical groundwork for future studies in this country and globally. The confirmation of H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 was the main contribution to literature. Thus, this study has recognised that FMCG retailers implement RL CSFs, practices, best practices, and strategies to achieve the firm’s competitiveness. However, they face RL challenges in effectively implementing RL best practices towards achieving the firm’s competitiveness.
Supply Chain Traceability for Food Poisoning Prevention in Informal Businesses: A Bibliometric-Systematic Review and Future Directions
Dr Blessing Takawira, Prof. David Pooe
Abstract
This study investigates the implementation of traceability systems for food safety within informal business contexts, addressing a critical research gap in the literature. By employing a bibliometric systematic literature review (B-SLR) methodology, we analysed 522 scholarly articles spanning the period from 2000 to 2024, revealing a notable increase in research interest, particularly after 2018. Key findings indicate that technological barriers, financial constraints, and the absence of supportive governance frameworks are significant challenges hindering the adoption of traceability systems in informal sectors. Importantly, this research highlights the evolving role of innovative technologies, such as blockchain, which was found to enhance the effectiveness of traceability through improved speed and accuracy, alongside a modest reduction in implementation costs. Additionally, stakeholder engagement emerges as a crucial factor influencing successful adoption rates of traceability systems. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of traceability implementation by framing the multidimensional challenges and opportunities unique to informal food businesses. Practically, it offers actionable recommendations for managers, policymakers, and technology providers to develop cost-effective and contextually relevant traceability solutions, ultimately advancing food safety practices in informal settings. This holistic approach aims to enhance the resilience and reliability of food supply chains, ensuring consumer safety and promoting the economic viability of informal food operations.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION, SUPPLY CHAIN RESPONSIVENESS AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN SOUTH AFRICAN MANUFACTURING SMES.
Irvine Langton, Chengedzai Mafini
Abstract
In South Africa, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are acknowledged as a major contributor to national GDP and employment creation. Manufacturing SMEs are among the most dominant forms of SMEs in South Africa. However, their success is hamstrung by numerous challenges that affect their growth and sustainability. The main challenges facing SMEs in South Africa include leadership, marketing, management, social, political, human resources, and financial matters. Lack of collaboration and responsiveness across the supply chains (SCs) have been branded as a striking challenge contributing to the failure of many manufacturing SMEs in the country. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of supply chain collaboration (SCC) on SC responsiveness (SCR) and customer satisfaction (CS) of South African manufacturing SMEs. The study followed a quantitative survey approach and a non-probability sampling method. A questionnaire was distributed to a purposively sampled 321 managers, owners and SC management (SCM) professionals drawn manufacturing SMEs in the Gauteng, Free State, Limpopo and North-West provinces of South Africa. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) based on the SMART partial least squares (PLS) technique. The results reveal that SCC and SCR impacted positively on CS, further, SCR significantly mediated the relationships between SCC and CS. The study suggests that the implementation of SCC and SCR programmes is vital in influencing CS. This study contributes to SCM literature as it is one of the few studies exploring SCC, SCR, and CS in the context of the South African manufacturing SMEs.
The relationship between transformational leadership and work engagement in a selected municipality: The role of trust
MST Tshekedi & LTB Jackson
Abstract
Municipalities in South Africa face a myriad of leadership challenges that significantly impact their governance and service delivery. These challenges stem from a combination of poor leadership ethics, financial mismanagement and inadequate performance evaluation systems. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of local governments and improving the quality of life for citizens. Leadership is a vital element in any organisation as it plays an important role in the organisational performance. When leaders understand the needs of employees, subordinates are likely to appreciate them as they feel valued and trusted. Successful leaders can encourage and motivate subordinates, and this results in committed and satisfied employees. The study was conducted to assess the mediating effect of trust in the leader in the relationship between transformational leadership and work engagement in the Local Municipality. A quantitative research method using a cross-sectional design was employed to reach the objectives the study. Data was collected using an online structured questionnaire and from a sample of 300 drawn, only 129 questionnaires were returned resulting to a 43,0% response rate. The results confirmed a strong positive relationship between transformational leadership, work engagement and trust. The mediating role of trust in the leaders in the relationship between leadership and work engagement was also confirmed. The results of this study therefore broaden our understanding of the psychological mechanism through which transformational leadership promotes employee engagement. Recommendation for organisation and future research are provided.
The relationship between transformational leadership, employee motivation and job satisfaction of staff in an IHL
DS Kgekoane, LTB Jackson
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between transformational leadership, motivation and job satisfaction of employees tested in a University of Technology in South Africa. Following a quantitative approach, this study utilises a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample (N=149) to reach its objective. The findings suggest that all variables considered in this study are statistically significantly related to one another. In addition, transformational leadership account for 27% of the variance in Work Self Determination Motivation (WSDM). Transformational leadership characteristics account for 16% of the variance in Non-Work Non-Self Determination Motivation (WNSDM). Transformational leadership and motivation explained 39% of the variance in extrinsic job satisfaction. Transformational leadership and motivation also explained 43% (large practical significance) of the variance in intrinsic job satisfaction. The exclusion of 0 in the confidence intervals of the indirect effects suggests the presence of significant indirect effects and therefore means that the mediation role of WSDM (with IJS and EJS as DV and WNSDM (with EJS as DV) could be confirmed in this study. The results also suggest that the mediating role of WNSDM could not be confirmed in the model with transformational leadership as an independent variable (IV) and intrinsic job satisfaction as a dependent variable (DV). The results also suggest that the moderating role of both WSDM and WNSDM could not be confirmed in any of the models tested because of the insignificant indirect effects and the inclusion of 0 in the confidence intervals. Recommendations for organisation and future research are provided.
The Leader-As-Coach Competency Profile for Sales Representatives in a South African FMCG Organisation
C Klynsmith, L van der Vaart, M W Stander
Abstract
The FMCG industry faces unique challenges, including intense competition and high employee turnover. Yet research on effective leadership approaches in this context remains limited. While the leader-as-coach model enhances employee performance and well-being, existing competency frameworks lack industry-specific focus and comprehensive integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. This study explores sales representatives’ expectations of leader-as-coach competencies within the FMCG environment. Using qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 sales representatives from a South African FMCG organisation across diverse geographical regions and sales channels. Content analysis revealed five core competency themes: cultivating a purpose-driven mindset, building strong business insight, fostering empowerment, demonstrating social competence, and maintaining ethical standards. Key findings challenge conventional coaching wisdom by emphasising the importance of industry-specific knowledge and firsthand FMCG sales experience. Sales representatives expect leaders-as-coaches to possess a practical understanding of retail processes, customer dynamics, and market complexities. Essential skills include strategic planning, knowledge transfer, constructive feedback delivery, and immersive coaching. Attitudinal traits encompass emotional intelligence, interpersonal presence, and ethical integrity. The study contributes a comprehensive, industry-specific competency framework supporting enhanced recruitment, targeted leadership development, and structured succession planning. This framework supports FMCG organisations in developing coaching cultures, balancing performance demands with employee well-being, and strengthening their competitive advantage.
Ethical lapses in south african government leadership: a qualitative analysis of Auditor General’s findings
Lloyd Senzo Ngcobo
Abstract
Ethical leadership in South Africa’s public sector has been systematically eroded by persistent financial mismanagement, corruption, and weak accountability mechanisms, as extensively documented in Auditor-General of South Africa (AGSA) reports. Despite robust legislative frameworks like the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), recurring audit findings reveal systemic failures that undermine governance and public trust.
This study employs a qualitative thematic analysis of AGSA reports (2018-2024) to investigate the nature, causes, and consequences of these ethical lapses, offering evidence-based recommendations for reform.
The research adopts a multi-method approach, combining document analysis of AGSA reports and parliamentary oversight records with semi-structured interviews of 20 public sector ethics officers. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework, the study identifies key patterns of misconduct.
Preliminary analysis reveals irregular expenditure (R50 billion annually), procurement fraud (60% of cases), and accountability deficits (only 15% of implicated officials face consequences). The findings demonstrate how political interference, cadre deployment, and institutional decay perpetuate these failures, with severe implications for service delivery and citizen trust (Afrobarometer, 2022).
The study makes three key contributions: (1) bridging the gap between audit findings and governance failure theories; (2) highlighting political-administrative interfaces in ethical violations; and (3) proposing actionable reforms including lifestyle audits and supply chain depoliticization.
This study employs a qualitative thematic analysis of AGSA reports (2018-2024) to investigate the nature, causes, and consequences of these ethical lapses, offering evidence-based recommendations for reform.
The research adopts a multi-method approach, combining document analysis of AGSA reports and parliamentary oversight records with semi-structured interviews of 20 public sector ethics officers. Using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis framework, the study identifies key patterns of misconduct.
Preliminary analysis reveals irregular expenditure (R50 billion annually), procurement fraud (60% of cases), and accountability deficits (only 15% of implicated officials face consequences). The findings demonstrate how political interference, cadre deployment, and institutional decay perpetuate these failures, with severe implications for service delivery and citizen trust (Afrobarometer, 2022).
The study makes three key contributions: (1) bridging the gap between audit findings and governance failure theories; (2) highlighting political-administrative interfaces in ethical violations; and (3) proposing actionable reforms including lifestyle audits and supply chain depoliticization.
The effect of organisational citizenship behaviour and unethical pro-organisational behaviour on the relationship between ethical leadership and organisational culture
Nicholus P Nkosi , Noel J. Pearse , Matolwandille M Mtotywa
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between ethical leadership (EL) and organisational culture (OC), focusing on the mediating roles of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and unethical pro-organisational behaviour (UPB) within the context of a financial services company in Africa. Given that no empirical study had been performed on the combined mediating effect of OCB and UPB on the relationship between EL and OC, the research aimed to address this significant gap in the literature. Based on a sample of 194 employees from a financial services company, the results of the research affirmed that EL is positively and significantly related to OC, where EL is posited to enhance OC by fostering trust and collaboration among employees. Furthermore, OCB was found to mediate the relationship between EL and OC. This indicates that promoting OCB is essential for fostering a favourable OC. On the other hand, the results showed that UPB does not mediate the relationship between EL and OC. This research contributes to the understanding of how EL influences OC and highlights the importance of fostering OCB in organisational settings. Implications of these findings for theory and management are discussed.
Investigating leadership styles on maintenance employees’ performance at the department of infrastructure development in Gauteng
Lulama Manciya, Bibi Zaheenah Chummun
Abstract
Organizations operate in volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous times, therefore, there is a need for effective leadership styles to deliver quality services to the communities and ensure employees perform at their best. Effective leadership styles not only enhance employee performance but also keep employees motivated and eager to learn and do more for their organization. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to investigate the impact of autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, transformational, and transactional leadership styles on the performance of employees in the health maintenance branch of the Department of Infrastructure Development (DID) in Gauteng. A quantitative research method was adopted for this study with a sample size of 80 employees across six regional offices and five academic maintenance hubs. There were 73 respondents, resulting in a response rate of 91.25%. The research information was collected utilizing structured questionnaires on a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Version 29) were utilized for the data analysis. The research findings indicated that transformational and transactional leadership styles correlate strongly and positively with employee performance. The performance of employees whose regional head exhibits transformational and transactional leadership traits increases substantially. Even though the autocratic and democratic leadership styles positively affect employee performance, they have a much lesser impact than transformational and transactional leadership styles. On the other hand, the laissez-faire leadership style negatively affects employee performance at DID health maintenance branch. The study has investigated the impact of different leadership styles on employee performance and outlined which leadership styles positively predict employee performance, and which styles negatively predict employee performance. This research provides senior management at DID with effective and impactful leadership styles managers should exhibit to inspire, motivate, and get employees in the health maintenance branch to improve their performance.
Application of the Triarchic Theory of Cognitive Disposition for Leadership Development in the Digital Era
Jacobus H. Oosthuizen
Abstract
This essay examines the critical role of cognitive disposition in effective leadership during the digital era. As traditional leadership skills become insufficient in today’s rapidly changing and uncertain environment, a new approach is essential. The Triarchic Theory of Cognitive Disposition (TTCD) offers a foundational framework to redefine leadership in the context of technological advancements and global economic shifts. TTCD embodies three key intelligence domains: Episteme-Analytical, Techne-Inventive, and Phronesis-Synergic. Together, these domains equip leaders to navigate complexity, anticipate future challenges, and foster innovation while promoting ethical, emotional, and collaborative intelligence. In an era of unprecedented change, leaders must adopt an agile mindset to maintain competitive advantage and drive digital transformation. The integration of TTCD enables leaders to adapt strategies to dynamic market conditions, lead with foresight, and create a principled, collaborative work environment. The essay also presents practical strategies for developing these cognitive dispositions, including continuous learning, leveraging digital tools for innovation, and cultivating an ethical organisational culture. By aligning leadership development with the demands of the digital age, businesses can enhance their capacity for sustainable growth, resilience during economic challenges, and long-term success in an increasingly complex and competitive world.
Exploring the state of publications on Africa’s country attractiveness and e-governance: a bibliometric analysis
Dr Rukudzo Pamacheche
Abstract
Africa’s emerging economies are committed to economic development and leveraging the benefits of innovation in the knowledge-based and technologically advancing globalized world. Through the lenses of the global attractiveness index (GAI) and e-governance development index (EGDI), country attractiveness for business, trade and investment and e-governance in Africa are key national and continental priorities that rely on participation in innovation and knowledge-based systems to achieve development goals. African countries have advanced immensely in developing e-governance systems and thrive to maintain globally competitive positions. Therefore, a broad understanding of the state of the academic knowledge-base in two areas of knowledge (country attractiveness and e-governance in Africa) supporting the progress is warranted. This study encapsulates an understanding of the state of scientific research on the two knowledge areas. Data comprised of publications retrieved from the Web of Science database on the two knowledge areas. Results are based on bibliometric analyses conducted in R-Studio to determine the performance of publications in Africa based on research metrics and scientometric mapping to reveal key intellectual themes underlying the knowledge areas. Results show that, despite declining interest and productivity in both areas of knowledge between 2005 and 2024, African countries dominate productivity in research outputs, led by South Africa, Nigeria and Botswana. However, low citation impact reveals Africa’s weaker scientific influence in country attractiveness in Africa, surpassed by the USA and European countries. Nonetheless, Botswana, Ghana and South Africa elevate Africa’s superior scholarly influence in e-governance in Africa. In terms of intellectual themes, “foreign direct investment” and “determinants of attractiveness” are key motor themes shaping the knowledge-generation structure of attractiveness of African countries while that of e-governance in Africa is driven by “Africa,” “corruption” and “developing countries.” Recommendations encourage intra-Africa collaborations and knowledge-sharing of success cases in African countries with prominent and emerging EGDI and GAI rankings.
The influence of financial inclusion on poverty: a vulnerable household perspective
Xolile Antoni, Ponts’o Khalane
Abstract
Given the increasing levels of poverty in South Africa despite the increased financial inclusion initiatives by the government and the formal financial sector, vulnerable households are generally financially excluded and often experience high levels of poverty. This study therefore aimed to determine the relationship between financial inclusion and poverty among vulnerable South African households. The study adopted a quantitative research design and a correlational research methodology as these were considered to be the most suitable to achieve the study’s objectives. The study used existing data from the FinScope 2016 South Africa database which had collected extensive financial data on household. The final database of this study comprised a sample of 2759 households. The study made use of descriptive statistics, including frequencies, to summarise the data and inferential statistics. The results showed a statistically significant negative relationship between financial inclusion and poverty. The study made several recommendations to improve financial inclusion and reduce poverty. These included, inter alia, that formal financial institutions should design products that specifically meet the needs of vulnerable households. In terms of theory, this study contributed to the body of literature by measuring financial inclusion and poverty multidimensionally.
Investigating the determinants of youth unemployment in the North West Province in South Africa: A socio-economic and demographic analysis
Johanna Manyaapelo, Sibongile Pakisi
Abstract
Despite various policies aimed at addressing youth unemployment in South Africa, it continues to be a significant concern for many stakeholders in the country’s labour market, including academic researchers. This study investigates the socio-economic and individual demographic factors associated with youth unemployment in the North West Province of South Africa. Quantitative research methods, including an online survey, were employed to gather data from a selected group of 250 unemployed youths in the North West Province. Participants were males and females aged 19 to 34. The questionnaire was distributed through various online platforms, such as emails, WhatsApp, and blog posts on websites. The collected quantitative data were analysed using Pearson correlation analysis. The study reveals that several factors significantly influence youth unemployment in the North West Province, including a lack of work experience, insufficient training opportunities, a scarcity of suitable jobs, limited social support, skills mismatch, job unavailability, lack of education and training, and unfavourable economic policies. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between psychological distress and youth unemployment, suggesting that unemployed youths experiencing a lack of education and training, skills mismatch, and limited job opportunities often suffer from psychological distress. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, employers, and educators, emphasising the need for their engagement in creating policies aimed at improving youth employment. The authors call for a better alignment of educational systems with labour market needs and the promotion of inclusive economic policies to enhance job prospects for young people in South Africa.
Exploring Gender Inequality and Unemployment in South Africa: A Conceptual and Methodological Perspective
Ms Tebello Msimanga
Abstract
Women in South Africa continue to be disproportionately affected by unemployment, a challenge deeply embedded in structural gender inequality. This paper offers a conceptual and methodological perspective on the relationship between gender inequality and unemployment in the South African context. Drawing on feminist economics, Human Capital Theory, and Dual Labour Market Theory, the study examines how historical legacies, socio-economic structures, and entrenched cultural norms combine to exclude women from full and meaningful participation in the labour market. Persistent barriers, including gendered occupational segregation, wage disparities, unequal access to education and skills development, and limited support for care responsibilities, are identified as core drivers of the gendered employment gap.
While no primary data are collected or analysed in this paper, it provides a detailed methodological roadmap for future empirical investigation. The proposed framework incorporates macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation, educational attainment, labour force participation, and structural inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient). Econometric approaches, including Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators, are outlined for subsequent implementation.
As a conceptual paper, the contribution lies in synthesising existing literature, integrating complementary theoretical perspectives, and framing a forward-looking methodological design that can be applied in later phases of research. The analysis positions gender inequality as a structural constraint to economic development and argues for urgent, gender-responsive labour market reforms. The study’s insights aim to guide policymakers, managers, and development practitioners in designing inclusive strategies that address the systemic nature of female unemployment in South Africa.
While no primary data are collected or analysed in this paper, it provides a detailed methodological roadmap for future empirical investigation. The proposed framework incorporates macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth, inflation, educational attainment, labour force participation, and structural inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient). Econometric approaches, including Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators, are outlined for subsequent implementation.
As a conceptual paper, the contribution lies in synthesising existing literature, integrating complementary theoretical perspectives, and framing a forward-looking methodological design that can be applied in later phases of research. The analysis positions gender inequality as a structural constraint to economic development and argues for urgent, gender-responsive labour market reforms. The study’s insights aim to guide policymakers, managers, and development practitioners in designing inclusive strategies that address the systemic nature of female unemployment in South Africa.
The impact of remittance inflows on financial inclusion in the Southern African Development Community Countries
Andiswa Abogile Jiza, Foreget Mingiri Kapingura
Abstract
Literature indicates that remittances promote economic growth in the presence of a well-developed financial sector. It is argued that remittances that are sent via the financial sector are translated to investment, which in turn contributes to economic growth. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of remittances on financial inclusion focusing on the 16 SADC countries. The importance of remittance inflows to the region emanates from them having surpassed other traditional financial flows. The data employed in the study was obtained from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund for the period 2010-2021. The Generalized Method of Moments was used in the study to take into account the endogeneity problem that may exist between the variables. The findings from the GMM estimations show that remittance inflows have a negative effect on financial inclusion in the SADC region. The findings from the study suggest that remittances do not have the capacity to improve financial inclusion in the region. The results also highlight that trade is an important factor in promoting inclusion in the SADC region. The results of this study have important implications for the SADC region. It is evident that remittances do not provide another channel that can enhance financial inclusion in the region. The study recommends that member states amend policies aimed at encouraging financial literacy programmes that will equip remittance receivers about the benefits of savings and investment rather than using all the remittance inflows for consumption. Financial intermediaries can also create savings and investment products that are linked to remittance accounts. The findings from the study suggest that there is need to treat remittances as not as cash-out only but to also consider using them for savings and investments. This will help smoothen future consumption because remittances are linked to external vulnerability such as job losses which make them unsustainable.
Determinants of financial sector development in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region
Inga Nomandla, Forget Mingiri Kapingura
Abstract
Financial sector development is vital for economic resilience and inclusive growth. In the SADC region, development in this sector remains uneven, with limited clarity on its key determinants. This study examined how macroeconomic, geographic, and institutional factors influence financial sector development in the SADC countries between 2006 and 2020. The study employed the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) given the challenges of endogeneity on the variables of interest. Six models were estimated to examine the differential impact of the variables employed. Key findings showed that in the banking sector, population growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) significantly support financial development, while GDP and population density have insignificant effects. Institutional quality, particularly the rule of law, has a strong and significant impact. For the financial markets, population growth, population density, and FDI negatively affect development, while GDP remains insignificant. The findings suggest that improving institutional quality and reducing trade barriers can significantly enhance the growth of the financial sector.
The Impact Of Cybercrime On The Adoption Of E-commerce In South Africa: A Systematic Literature Review
Anita Chivizhe , Samwel Dick Mwapwele
Abstract
E-commerce enables businesses to reach a wider audience through virtual stores, thereby increasing sales and profits. In South Africa, increased access to the internet and smartphones not only facilitates online shopping but also increases cybercrime. Cybercriminals target e-commerce platforms to acquire sensitive customer data, causing financial losses and threatening operational sustainability. The research question is, what is the impact of cybercrime on the adoption of e-commerce in South Africa? The study follows the systematic literature review methodology with comprehensive searches performed for two months across four academic databases: EBSCOhost, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. Only English peer-reviewed studies published in South Africa between 2020 -2024 relating to e-commerce and cybercrime were included. After extensive screening, 24 articles were selected and analysed thematically. The findings highlight e-commerce benefits like market expansion and job creation. However, cybercrime threatens its growth in South Africa by undermining consumer trust and engagement. Effective cybersecurity strategies, policy, governance, and education are essential to mitigate these risks, ensuring a secure digital environment for sustainable e-commerce development and economic growth. This research offers insights for policymakers on how ICT and e-commerce expansion drive economic growth and development by addressing SDG 9 and South Africa’s NDP 2030 Chapter 4.
Overcoming Barriers to Technology Adoption: Enhancing Data Accuracy and Employee Productivity in Rubber Manufacturing
Theuns Pelser , Trevor Zuma
Abstract
Business adopts technology to enable them to gain a competitive edge over their rivals. The integration of advanced innovative technologies into manufacturing and production processes has transformed industry and allowed businesses to realise high levels of effectiveness and increased productivity, enabling them to achieve competitive advantage in their chosen markets of operation. However, any research on the barriers that might impede technology adoption within rubber manufacturing operations is limited. The aim of this research was to analyse and tackle the difficulties related to the use of technology in industrial processes, particularly the obstacles that may impede efficient data input, when employing a Data Management System (DMS). In particular, the study was aimed at helping to determine the underlying factors contributing to employee resistance and insufficient data entry when using a rubber factory’s DMS. Data was gathered through surveys, that made use of ordinal data that assessed using closed-ended questions which gave the respondents various options to select from. The data was analysed using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The analysis indicated that technical challenges such as difficulty operating the DMS, insufficient training, limited technical support, and inadequate organisational infrastructure significantly hindered the adoption process. These barriers were manifested with inconsistent data input, employee frustration, and reduced engagement with technological systems. The insights gained from the results are valuable for practitioners and operational specialists involved in technology implementation and adoption in business. Harnessing a clear understanding of these barriers is vital for developing effective strategies to promote technology integration across sectors.
SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE PORT EMPLOYEES’ PERCEPTIONS OF SMART PORTS
Macpherson, W., Cullen, M., Calitz, A. P., Mcetywa, K
Abstract
Globally, ports are increasingly adopting emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Blockchain and Big Data for enhancing port efficiency and performance. However, ports in developing countries, such as South Africa are slower in adopting these technologies with consequences for their performance rankings. South African ports are crucial for the country’s economy, acting as key gateways for international trade and connecting various sectors, such as vehicle manufacturing, mining and agriculture to global markets. South African ports are currently ranked among the worst in the world. Women make up more than half of the global workforce and yet they are underrepresented in the maritime sector. Females are increasingly being employed at ports in South Africa, yet they still face historical and societal challenges in this male-dominated work environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of specifically female port employees of the factors that affect the adoption of smart ports in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative approach using an online survey to collect data from 68 educated female employees, aged between 30 and 49, and included female managers who work at South African ports. The main findings indicate that females rate port safety and security, environmental management and infrastructure as important factors affecting smart port implementations in South Africa. These employees were found to be well-informed about new technologies that could be adopted to improve South African port performance.
The Moderating Impact of Digital and financial inclusion on Transport-based Carbon Emissions in the SADC
ILOGHO Simon Osiregbemhe, KLINGELHÖFER Heinz Eckart
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of digital and financial inclusion on Transport-based carbon emissions in 13 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) nations with data analysed from 2002 to 2022. It captures financial inclusion using ATM and commercial bank accessibility, and digital inclusion using mobile phone subscriptions and Internet accessibility. The (individual) results from the Generalised Method of Moments show that, on the one hand, ATM accessibility and mobile subscription increased transport-based emissions, while, on the other hand, commercial bank and Internet accessibility reduced them. However, the findings from the moderation examinations show higher emissions impact when ATMs combine with mobile subscription or when commercial bank branches combine with Internet access. Nevertheless, since the focus in many Southern African countries has probably been more on providing basic financial services physically than on including the advantages of mobile financial services into the financial service provision; one may still recommend to include more digital internet-facilitated mediums into the provision of financial services.
Testing the Waters: Metropolitan Municipalities’ Readiness for IPSASB Sustainability Reporting Standards
Phatsimo Moroeng, Kudzai Matiashe
Abstract
With an emphasis on their disclosure policies regarding climate change, this study evaluated the preparedness of South African metropolitan municipalities to adopt the proposed IPSASB Sustainability Reporting Standard based on the Exposure Draft 1 (SRS ED 1) that was issued for public comments. The study looked at the 2023–2024 annual reports of all eight metropolitan municipalities using qualitative content analysis to assess how closely they adhere to the disclosure requirements outlined in SRS ED 1. The standard’s fundamental reporting requirements were extracted and synthesised into a checklist with 20 disclosure items. These items are distributed across four key pillars: governance (6 items), strategy (5 items), risk and outcome management (3 items), and metrics and targets (6 items). Each municipality’s annual report was reviewed and compared against the checklist to identify the presence or absence of each disclosure item. The frequency distribution of each disclosure item across the eight municipalities was recorded and summarised, highlighting the most and least commonly reported elements. The findings reveal varied levels of disclosure, with several municipalities demonstrating partial alignment, while others lack meaningful engagement with climate-related reporting. These results suggest that although some foundational practices are in place, South African metropolitan municipalities face significant challenges in achieving full compliance with international sustainability reporting standards. The study contributes to understanding the implementation challenges of global climate disclosure frameworks in developing public sector contexts.
Emission Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Inclusive Financing: A Quantile Regression Analysis
ILOGHO Simon Osiregbemhe, KLINGELHÖFER Heinz Eckart
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of inclusive financing on the emission of three GHGs (GHGs) covering countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) from 2002 to 2022. Inclusive finance was represented by accessibility and usage measures of financial inclusion. Accessibility measures are proxied by access to ATMs and commercial bank branches, usage measures by personal remittance received. The examinations in this study were in two stages: first employing the Panel Least Square Regression to obtain a mean regression; then employing quantile regression to assess the impact of inclusive financing on emission levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in quantiles. The findings from the mean regression examination showed that ATMs accessibility impacts only N2O emissions reduction, while the other financial inclusion proxies had no impact on the GHGs. According to the quantile regression results, access to ATMs decreases N2O emissions and increases CO2 and CH4 emissions in the lowest quantile; access to commercial banks reduces all GHG emissions in the lowest quantile except CH4 and increases CO2 emissions in the highest quantile; remittance received does not impact any GHG in all quantiles. Therefore, this paper recommends the installations of ATMs in key locations to service communities to reduce the distance covered.
Carbon Emissions per Capita and Urbanisation Rate in the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
ILOGHO Simon Osiregbemhe, KLINGELHÖFER Heinz Eckart
Abstract
This paper investigated the impact of urbanisation on carbon (CO2) emissions per capita (pc) in 13 SADC nations covering data from 2002 to 2022. Urbanisation was represented by three different proxies: urban growth, urban to rural and urban to population growth. The Panel Estimated Generalised Least Squares (Cross-section seemingly unrelated regression) was employed for data analysis. The analysis showed negligible impact of the urbanisation proxies on CO2 emissions pc, indicating that urban growth in the SADC does not impact CO2 emissions pc. With the persistent growth in the urban population of Southern Africa, especially the SADC nations and with high percentage increase in carbon emissions, institutional and managerial policies encouraging environmentally friendly production activities to reduce CO2 emissions per capita do not necessarily need to take specific urbanisation characteristics into account.
The Emission of Carbon and Inclusive Financing in Southern Africa
ILOGHO Simon Osiregbemhe, KLINGELHÖFER Heinz Eckart
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of inclusive finance on carbon emissions in 13 Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries using data from 2002 to 2022. Financial inclusion was proxied by Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and commercial accessibility as well as personal remittance received. A Panel Estimated Generalised Least Square regression was employed, as it was sufficiently robust. Two models were tested: the first one to examine the impact of the current year’s financial inclusion facilities on present years carbon emissions, while the second one to examine the impact of the previous year’s financial inclusion facilities on present years carbon emissions. The results indicate that only higher accessibility to ATMs in the prior year reduce carbon emissions per capita in the current year. Furthermore, growing access to commercial bank branches in the previous year may increase carbon emissions per capita for the current year. Therefore, because financial inclusion impacts carbon emissions per capita, more available ATMs may not only be beneficial from a financial inclusion point of view, but also from an environmental perspective. In addition, since a more traditional financial inclusion proxy (commercial bank branches) leads to increased carbon emission, while a rather innovative financial inclusion proxy (ATMs) reduces them, this indicates that more innovative ways of dispensing financial services or products to the public could be encouraged in the SADC region.
The Rise of LPMs in South Africa: A Literature-Based Exploration of the Emerging Gambling Sector
Rosa Naudé-Potgieter
Abstract
The gambling industry in South Africa is thriving, with billions of Rands of revenues generated annually. In the recent years, the National Gambling Board (NGB) instituted an additional opportunity for smaller businesses such as taverns, shebeens, hotels and restaurants to include a gambling component in their business offerings. Limited-Payout Machine (LPMs) have grown substantially, with over 15 800 LPMs active throughout South Africa (NGB 2024b), but very little is known about the sector. Therefore, this study aims to understand the development of the LPM sector better by doing a scoping literature analysis from a South African perspective and identifying other countries that may have similar cases. During the literature review, it has become evident that there is barely any academic literature on LPMs, and other sources such as government publications, news reports, and websites must be utilised. This paper makes various recommendations of future studies that can be conducted to learn more about the emerging LPM sector with specific reference being made to research conducted in other countries that would need to be investigated from an African perspective.
Exploring the Interplay of Tourism and Culture in Shaping the Experiences of English as a Foreign Language Teaching Experience in China
Professor Adéle Potgieter , Dr Gabriella Berman
Abstract
This study explores the interplay of tourism, culture, and location in shaping the experiences of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in China, emphasising their role as informal tourism ambassadors. Amid China’s growing demand for English education, EFL teachers become deeply engaged with the country’s cultural and tourism landscapes, which in turn influences their satisfaction and professional engagement. Using a quantitative approach, data from 379 EFL teachers were analysed to examine how travel opportunities, cultural immersion, and geographic location impact overall experience. Findings reveal strong correlations between cultural factors (r = 0.55), lifestyle (r = 0.50), location (r = 0.54), and satisfaction, with tourism opportunities showing a moderate link (r = 0.44). Regression analysis highlights location and lifestyle as significant predictors, with teachers in urban centres and those with enriched lifestyles reporting higher satisfaction (odds ratios of 2.36 and 2.88, respectively). Cultural immersion through festivals and local customs mitigates culture shock, while access to tourism enhances professional narratives. However, rural placements pose challenges, such as isolation, underscoring the need for targeted support. The study offers actionable insights for educational institutions and tourism stakeholders to enhance teacher well-being, retention, and China’s appeal as a work-tourism destination. Recommendations include structured cultural programs, quality housing, and tourism partnerships. Despite the limitations of convenience sampling, the findings contribute to an understanding of expatriate experiences, advocating for the integration of strategies to leverage EFL teachers’ dual roles in education and cultural promotion.
Curbing the scourge of irresponsibility in the contemporary workplace: A conceptual approach to enhance manager engagement
Dr Wilhelm K. Neuland, Dr Tish F. Taylor
Abstract
Irresponsibility as a concept, in stark contrast with corporate social irresponsibility (CSI), is under researched. There is also a consistent decline in global workplace wellness, of which manager engagement shows an alarming drop. This study links irresponsibility with manager engagement on a conceptual level. In terms of the lack of topical literature, an experimental approach, anthropomorphic superimposition, is used to make sense of the literature. Furthermore, a conceptual framework, inspired by the OODA-loop along with a decision-tree adds to the utility of this non-empirical study with conceptualisation as research method. Implications on scholarly work include a well-considered definition of irresponsibility, along with criticism on the utility of contemporary research within the managerial sciences. Implications for managers include useful advice to curb irresponsibility within their teams and also within themselves. Ultimately, the research aim was achieved and as such, the research problem resolved. Future researchers are called upon to redirect their research efforts to human traits as it manifests within the realm of managerial science.
Assessing the Impact of Digital Skills on Organisational Competitiveness: A Case Study of an African Consulting Firm
Shabashni Sanjith, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
This study examines the adequacy of digital skills within an African consulting organisation and evaluates their impact on business performance and competitiveness in the context of emerging markets undergoing rapid technological change. Using a quantitative single case study design, data were collected using a structured survey across employee levels and business units, supplemented by organisational records for context. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis assessed digital proficiency, participation in digital initiatives, organisational support, and perceptions of training effectiveness.
Results indicate that general digital skills are rated positively, however significant gaps exist in advanced areas such as artificial intelligence and data analytics. Digital training initiatives show limited participation despite the gap, suggesting barriers to access and awareness. Positive correlations emerged between digital proficiency, perceived organisational support, and belief in improved business outcomes, highlighting the importance of a supportive environment for digital capability development. No significant differences were found across employee levels or business units, which suggests consistent perceptions of digital skills throughout the organisation.
This paper contributes empirical evidence on digital readiness in consulting firms within emerging economies and supports the need for targeted, accessible upskilling programmes aligning to market needs. It recommends fostering a strategic culture of continuous digital learning to enhance operational resilience and competitiveness in the digital economy.
Results indicate that general digital skills are rated positively, however significant gaps exist in advanced areas such as artificial intelligence and data analytics. Digital training initiatives show limited participation despite the gap, suggesting barriers to access and awareness. Positive correlations emerged between digital proficiency, perceived organisational support, and belief in improved business outcomes, highlighting the importance of a supportive environment for digital capability development. No significant differences were found across employee levels or business units, which suggests consistent perceptions of digital skills throughout the organisation.
This paper contributes empirical evidence on digital readiness in consulting firms within emerging economies and supports the need for targeted, accessible upskilling programmes aligning to market needs. It recommends fostering a strategic culture of continuous digital learning to enhance operational resilience and competitiveness in the digital economy.
Re-establishing The Interplay Between Customer Satisfaction and Client Retention Strategy: Drawn Perspective of Food Retailer
Itumeleng Ngowi,Ayandeji Sunday Ayantokun, Adebanji Adejuwon Williams Ayeni
Abstract
Customer satisfaction remains a key concern that impacts productivity and goal achievement because satisfied customers are more likely to enhance their service usage and recommend services to others This will make customer retention a profitable and effective strategy for acquiring new customers Therefore, this study is aimed at ascertaining the effect of customer satisfaction on client retention in businesses in Nigeria using quantitative survey research method. The data was collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire after ensuring that content validity and reliability were conducted. The responses analyzed were 207 using regression analysis to determine the connection between customer satisfaction and client retention strategy. It was discovered that customer satisfaction significantly impacts client retention. Thus, it is recommended that prioritizing customer satisfaction by regularly gathering and acting on customer feedback will boost the increase in client loyalty through repeated purchase and increase sales.
Aligning HR Strategies, Structures and Systems: A Dual Perspective on SHRM Fit
Sipatisiwe Mhlanga, S. Dhliwayo
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the nature of strategic human resources management (SHRM) structure and strategy fit within a private education company in South Africa. This study was based on a sample of purposely selected human resources (HR) experts (n = 10) and strategic management experts (n = 15) from the Group – a listed education entity in South Africa. Data was collected through focus group interviews, with a total of four focus groups being used. The thematic analysis technique was used to analyse research data. The study revealed that achieving both vertical and horizontal alignment in SHRM practices is crucial for organisational performance, though challenges such as acquisition growth and historical legacies can impede this fit. It also highlighted the importance of person-organisation fit in fostering employee motivation and aligning HR practices with strategic goals.
Exploring the role of social media as a financial socialisation agent of responsible financial behaviour among young adults: A descriptive literature review
Sinaye Akhumzi Mtimba
Abstract
In the digital era, social media has emerged as an influential financial socialisation agent, particularly among young adults. This study conducted a descriptive literature review to explore how social media acts as an agent of responsible financial behaviour among young adults. The review examined 32 journal articles that empirically investigated social media in relation to financial behaviour and young adults, six articles were selected for further analysis as they particularly looked at young adults. The findings show a shift from traditional financial socialisation agents such as parents, peers, and formal education to the informal sources such as social media finfluencers. The findings suggest that despite social media offering easy accessibility and relatability to young adults, it poses potential risk of misinformation as the content produced can be inaccurate, lack credibility as well as ethical considerations of unregulated financial advice. The study provides insights for the financial services industry, educators and policy makers on how to better engage young adults to improve financial literacy using social media. The study further recommends future empirical studies to explore the role of financial influencers on financial literacy, with a special focus on the perspective of the finfluencer as well as within the African context.
Challenges Faced by Residential Property Developers in Gauteng
Joshua Nkuna, Geoff A Goldman
Abstract
Successful strategies are often built upon a collection of resources and capabilities organisations continually strive to develop. In Gauteng, a growing population and a continued housing shortage, poses significant challenges. Residential property developers (RPDs) must navigate a complex and tumultuous housing market. This paper explores the challenges forthcoming from the business environment of Gauteng’s housing market, and the effect these have on RPDs in Gauteng. The paper aims to provide insights into pivotal resources and capabilities which would enable RPDs to formulate strategies to overcome these business environmental challenges. In addition, it will put forward recommendations that can advance the ease of developing residential property in Gauteng to meet the current and future demands for housing.
A qualitative study was undertaken amongst 15 participants selected from RPD companies in Gauteng, based on their involvement at the strategic level in their organisations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after obtaining consent to record and transcribe the interviews. Directed qualitative content analysis was utilised to analyse collected data.
The study revealed that RPDs encounter distinct challenges that are specific to the property industry which have significant impact on the accomplishment of their strategic goals. These challenges are related to spatial disparities, limited access to suitable land, duality within the property industry, and zoning regulations by local governments. Furthermore, the study identified several resources and capabilities crucial to the business success of RPD’s and proposed potential solutions to address these challenges.
A qualitative study was undertaken amongst 15 participants selected from RPD companies in Gauteng, based on their involvement at the strategic level in their organisations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after obtaining consent to record and transcribe the interviews. Directed qualitative content analysis was utilised to analyse collected data.
The study revealed that RPDs encounter distinct challenges that are specific to the property industry which have significant impact on the accomplishment of their strategic goals. These challenges are related to spatial disparities, limited access to suitable land, duality within the property industry, and zoning regulations by local governments. Furthermore, the study identified several resources and capabilities crucial to the business success of RPD’s and proposed potential solutions to address these challenges.
An Assessment of South African small business knowledge needs
Van Wyk, I, Hind, C , Venter, P
Abstract
Small, micro, and medium enterprises (SMMEs) are seen as an important role player in developing economies and a driver of economic growth. Despite national and governmental attempts to ensure their long-term sustainability, this sector is characterised by a high failure rate. Understanding the knowledge and skills needs of SMMEs better can assist in better supporting them with relevant knowledge and skills initiatives. This online survey among small businesses participating in a skills development event at a business school shows that there is a strong need among these small businesses to better understand their customers and markets, to reach them and retain them more effectively, to build their brands, and to use social media marketing more effectively. Findings also suggested a strong preference for personal and interactive modes of knowledge delivery rather than online or printed media.
Challenges in Implementing the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme in South Africa’s Dr Kenneth Kaunda District
Molebatsi Koatale , Marilie van Wyk, Johanna Manyaapelo
Abstract
The minibus taxi industry remains a cornerstone of public transport in South Africa, yet its transformation through the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme (TRP) continues to face systemic challenges. The TRP was introduced to modernise South Africa’s taxi industry by replacing old, unsafe vehicles with newer models. This study aims to assess the challenges faced by the TRP in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda district, South Africa, and to propose recommendations for improvement. Using an interpretative, qualitative methodology, the research draws on in-depth interviews with taxi operators, government officials, and taxi association members to uncover the financial, operational, and socio-economic barriers influencing programme outcomes. The study explores how limited access to funding, infrastructure constraints, and inadequate stakeholder engagement shape resistance to change and slow industry modernisation. The findings provide new insights into the localised realities of policy implementation and highlight the need for adaptive, community-based approaches. This work contributes to the discourse on sustainable public transport reform and offers strategic recommendations to improve future iterations of the TRP across similar districts within South Africa.
A Simulation-Optimisation Strategy for SMEs in Business Management Under Uncertainty: A Systematic Literature Review
Malebo Suzan Mulaudzi , Natanya Meyer, Ziska Fields
Abstract
This systematic literature review examines simulation-optimisation strategies for SMEs in business management under uncertainty, addressing a critical research gap where SMEs face the most significant exposure to uncertainty while possessing the most limited analytical resources to manage these challenges effectively. Using the PRISMA methodology, 12 peer-reviewed articles published between 2001-2024 were systematically analysed from the Scopus database to investigate the effectiveness, implementation requirements, and performance improvement mechanisms of simulation-optimisation approaches in resource-constrained SME environments. The theoretical framework integrates the resource-based view, the dynamic capabilities theory, and the SME management theory to understand how analytical capabilities contribute to organisational performance under uncertainty. The systematic identification of only 12 relevant studies from comprehensive database searching reveals that simulation-optimisation research for SMEs represents a significantly underdeveloped field with substantial research gaps, rather than a limitation of our methodology. The reviewed studies demonstrate growing scholarly interest since 2019, geographic concentration in developed economies, and methodological diversity across applications, while highlighting critical needs for empirical validation of theoretical propositions and expanded research in developing economy contexts. Thematically, current research emphasises operational applications in manufacturing contexts, focusing on collaboration, project management, and entrepreneurial decision-making under uncertainty. Key managerial implications include adopting phased implementation approaches beginning with single-process optimisation, ensuring strong integration with existing systems, and leveraging external facilitation during initial phases. This review provides immediate practical value through evidence-based implementation guidelines while establishing the theoretical foundation for future empirical validation studies.
Innovation performance and growth in South African mining sector
Asekho Mqoqi, Rendani Mamphiswana, Petrus Letaba
Abstract
Innovation is understood to be the prerequisite for ensuring competitiveness, progress and, sustainable economic growth. The South African mining sector’s value has stagnated and declined owing to its lack of competitiveness in the global market. The country, once known for leading in mining production, is now ranked fifth and is being led by China. The current leading gold producer is also said to be the largest investor in research and development (R&D), which suggests that it aims to sustain its competitive advantage. However, adoption of emerging technologies is still not yielding the expected productivity outcomes. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the relationship between mining innovation, using proxies, and mining sector performance. To measure the innovation performance, patents and R&D expenditure were employed as proxies. This research data was collected from secondary data sources. The mining performance data was gathered in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), production values, and various company financials. The outcome of the study presented an unexpected lack of relationship between the innovation proxies and production output. This research contributes to the strategic planning of mining innovation, particularly in low innovation intensity regions. Based on these findings, it is recommended that local research and development capacity should be prioritised to minimise technology import.
Leading through Cultural Intelligence: Insights from multicultural South African Organisations
Lucien William Peter Lezar
Abstract
In wake of glabalisation and national transformation during the past two decades, South African workplaces has become increasingly diverse. Despite the rich multicultural fabric, historical limitations on cross-cultural interactions, particularly prior to 1994, have contributed to the lack in intercultural dialogue and cultural Intelligence (CQ) development within organisations. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of CQ in enhancing organisational performance, employee motivation and cultural cohesion in South Africa’s uniquely diverse, yet social-politically complex environment. While employing an exploratory qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were used across various multicultural organisations with the aim of gathering insights from employees in these diverse settings. A thematic analysis of data was used to identify how employees lived experiences at 12 multicultural organisations perceive and apply CQ in relation to motivation and behaviour. The findings indicate that CQ significantly impacts organisational culture and employee performance in diverse workplace settings. Particularly, motivational and behavioural dimensions of CQ and the contrast between Western individualistic values and Ubuntu, emerged as key antecedents of cross-cultural adaptability, trust building, shared humanity and workplace harmony. In conclusion, the study contributes to theory development and by fostering CQ through intercultural dialogue, rather than multicultural policy alone, is crucial for building inclusive, high-performance organisations. CQ coaching, mentoring and training are highly recommended for organisations to inclusion, retention and productivity. There is a need for future studies to concentrate on cross border geographic and generational cohorts to deepen understanding of CQ evolving role in workplace diversity management.
Optimising Green Lending Strategies to Promote Environmental Sustainability in SMEs
Gibson Muridzi, Shepherd Dhliwayo, Belinda Dzvari
Abstract
This study investigates green lending strategies and their role in enhancing environmental sustainability among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe. The purpose of the research is to explore stakeholder perspectives on the key barriers, enabling factors, and institutional mechanisms that influence the adoption and effectiveness of green finance practices within the SME sector. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) identify the primary challenges SMEs face in accessing green finance, (2) examine institutional and policy-level enablers for green lending, and (3) propose a stakeholder-informed framework for optimising green lending strategies. A qualitative research approach was adopted, employing a case study design. Primary data were collected through semi-structured key informant interviews with 17 stakeholders, including representatives from financial institutions, government agencies, environmental NGOs, and academia. Thematic analysis was conducted using Atlas.ti to identify key patterns and themes. The findings reveal several structural and institutional challenges, including limited access to finance (100%), policy and regulatory ambiguity (82.4%), macroeconomic instability (70.6%), high transaction costs (58.8%), and knowledge gaps (47.1%). Stakeholders strongly advocated for tax incentives (94.1%), subsidies (52.9%), capacity-building programs (70.6%), standardised green finance frameworks (23.5%), and collaborative financing platforms. The study integrates stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and the resource-based view (RBV) to conceptualise a multi-dimensional framework that aligns financial, institutional, and technical resources. This research contributes to the green finance discourse in developing economies by offering practical insights into how stakeholder collaboration, regulatory reform, and institutional capacity can accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices in the SME sector. It also highlights the need for coherent policy frameworks, targeted incentives, and robust monitoring systems. The findings have implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and development partners working to scale
Collaborative Routines In The Digital Era: How Team Culture, Technology Adoption, And Government Interference Shape Economic Capital Creation?
Lami Hamsalu , Abdella Kosa Chebo, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
There is insufficient literatures that shows the direct and indirect effect of developing team working culture on the economic capital creation of MSEs from different contexts including the role of technology adoption and government interferences. Therefore, this study aimed at testing the effect of developing team working culture on the economic capital creation, as well as testing the mediating effect of technology adoption. The study used quantitative research approach to analyzed data obtained using questionnaire from a total of 194 respondent’s. The study revealed that developing team working culture can improve the MSEs economic capital creation both directly and indirectly through technology usage. It is indeed surprising that while political interferences have very high effect on economic capital creation, they have adverse effects on teamwork development in enhancing economic capital creation. Furthermore, the bureaucratic procedures that are often exercised in the supporting government offices would also negatively moderate the effect of developing teamwork culture on economic capital creation. Future research could expand the geographical scope, employ qualitative methodologies, and adopt longitudinal studies, thus giving a deeper and sounder insight into how the relationships change for a much better understanding of the factors that affect economic capital formation.
DISRUPTION TO STABILITY PARADOX: A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF INTEGRATING INDUSTRY 4.0 IN TO BUSINESS CONTINUITY
Abdella Kosa Chebo, Tadesse Weyuma Bulto, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
The current business climate is contending with the disruption to continuity paradox, where the integration of Industry 4.0 technologies presents both significant challenges and opportunities for business continuity. There is a built-in tension in utilizing such tools that disrupt short-term operations-to build a more resilient and uninterrupted business model for the future. There is also a misunderstanding of how industry 4.0 systems, processes, practices, and the combined impact of numerous aspects and components of a company’s operations contribute to business continuity. Therefore, the study attempts to examine the integration domains of industry 4.0 and business continuity by creating a database of scientific articles from a trusted source, Web of Science (WoS). Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using VOSViewer software. The visualized bibliometric analysis result depicts future research opportunities in areas such as; integration of industry 4.0 systems and designs with business models, integration of optimization from the management of technical and operational systems of industry 4.0, the linkage of Technology innovation, and risk to enterprise’s performance and growth. To build new industry patterns, business models should take into consideration automated industry 4.0 technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, cloud computing, data analytics, and robotics while developing a framework for managerial decisions.
Sustainable Business Practices for SMEs – A Bibliometric Review of the Literature
Gibson Muridzi, Shepherd Dhliwayo
Abstract
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to economic development, yet their integration of sustainable business practices remains uneven and under-researched. This study aims to map the scholarly landscape of sustainable business practices for SMEs through a dual methodology combining bibliometric analysis and thematic synthesis. It seeks to uncover the evolution of the field, dominant research themes, influential contributors, and existing knowledge gaps. Using the PRISMA protocol, relevant academic literature published between 2015 and 2025 was retrieved from Scopus. The data was analysed using bibliometric and VOSviewer to explore co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence, citation trends, and thematic clusters. Thematic analysis complemented these findings by interpreting the qualitative content of the most cited and thematically relevant papers. Findings indicate growing scholarly interest in SME sustainability, especially following the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key focus areas include environmental management, corporate social responsibility (CSR), energy efficiency, and regulatory compliance. However, critical gaps persist particularly in studies on rural and informal SMEs, sustainability reporting, and digital green innovations. Research outputs are also geographically concentrated in developed countries. The study is grounded in the Triple bottom line (TBL) and institutional theory frameworks, which help explain how SMEs balance economic viability, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship while responding to institutional pressures. This research offers a consolidated overview of the knowledge landscape, highlighting both progress and blind spots in the field. It contributes valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and business leaders seeking to promote sustainable development in the SME sector. The study also underscores the need for more inclusive and context-specific sustainability strategies tailored to diverse ESME ecosystems.
Internal Marketing practice in enhancing Organisational culture, job satisfaction and quality service delivery by a retail bank
J. S. Tshabalala, P. K. Hoeyi, E. O. Amoakoh
Abstract
Quality service delivery is a key factor in potential customers’ decision in selecting a bank, whereas employees are the internal customers who must first understand the products and services of the bank to deliver them in a valuable way to external customers – particularly so in the competitive environment of South Africa. This study investigated the extent to which internal marketing (IM) enhances organisational culture and job satisfaction for employees to deliver quality services to customers in a retail bank in Free State Province. Data from 200 employees such as frontline staff, supervisors and managers was collected using stratified random sampling. The results revealed that IM enhances the organisational culture practices (ß = 0.783; p = 0.000; R2 = 0.59); rewards component of IM enhances job satisfaction of employees (ß = 0.621; p = 0.000), and results in the significant delivery of service. Although management are aware of the importance of IM and its components on job satisfaction, some of them are not effectively implemented. Furthermore, the study revealed that training does not have a significant effect on organisational culture, which may negatively impact the success of the retail bank. It can be concluded that if IM components are effectively implemented, there may be an improvement in service delivery quality. This research underscores the importance of IM in fostering a productive work environment and improving overall service delivery in the banking sector.
Provincial Dynamics of Female Entrepreneurship in Gauteng’s Learner Transport Industry
Malebo Suzan Mulaudzi, Chris Schachtebeck, Natanya Meyer
Abstract
This study explores the provincial-specific dynamics affecting female entrepreneurs in Gauteng’s learner transport industry, moving beyond national narratives to examine context-specific challenges and opportunities. Using a qualitative, exploratory research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 female entrepreneurs operating learner transport businesses in Gauteng province between August and October 2021. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti software identified six primary themes revealing significant disconnects between national policy frameworks and provincial implementation realities. The findings demonstrate a complete absence of government support at the provincial level, with all 15 participants reporting no meaningful assistance from government agencies, highlighting critical policy implementation gaps despite comprehensive national entrepreneurship policies. The research reveals complex institutional dynamics characterised by fragmented relationships with transport authorities, gender exclusion within association structures, and prohibitive membership costs, creating barriers to meaningful participation. Urban-specific operational challenges unique to Gauteng’s metropolitan environment include escalating fuel costs, intense market competition, traffic congestion complexities, and infrastructure constraints that differ substantially from rural contexts. The study identifies a stark absence of formal training programs specifically designed for the learner transport sector, with participants relying heavily on informal funding sources such as retrenchment packages and family support due to inadequate access to formal financial markets. The COVID-19 pandemic particularly exposed the sector’s vulnerability, with devastating economic impacts fundamentally altering the financial landscape for learner transport entrepreneurs. These findings contribute to entrepreneurship ecosystem theory by demonstrating the importance of provincial-level analysis and providing practical policy recommendations for provincial government implementation, industry associations, educational institutions, and financial institutions. The study highlights the need for differentiated, context-specific entrepreneurship support policies that recognise the distinct operational environment of metropolitan areas and address the intersection of gender, sector, and urban entrepreneurship dynamics.
Intensifying Global Competition: The Digital Revolution and Achieving the SDGs
Dr Arno J. van Niekerk
Abstract
The digital revolution is reshaping the global order, with the United States (US) and China at the forefront of a strategic contest for technological supremacy. This paper analyzes the evolving geopolitical dynamics between the East and the West in the context of the digital era, focusing on crucial domains such as artificial intelligence (AI), digital payment infrastructures, semiconductors, and 5G networks. These arenas have become pivotal battlegrounds for innovation, economic influence, and political leverage – driving both technological advancement and systemic fragmentation. The paper explores the emergence and growing influence of digital powerhouses in the East, including China, India, Japan, and South Korea, highlighting their strategic initiatives to contest Western dominance and assert alternative models of digital governance on the global stage. While these nations are expanding their digital reach and promoting sovereign digital ecosystems, the analysis also underscores a critical paradox: the deepening interdependence between rival powers – most notably between the US and China – even amid rising tensions. This complex entanglement is reshaping global geopolitical alignments and raising important questions about the future of global cooperation. The paper further examines the broader implications of the digital revolution, driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It identifies both transformative opportunities and emerging risks. Digital technologies offer immense potential to accelerate sustainable development by enhancing connectivity, expanding financial inclusion, and enabling data-driven solutions to pressing global challenges. However, they also risk deepening the digital divide, contributing to environmental degradation, and raising ethical dilemmas around surveillance, bias, and autonomy. The paper calls for the establishment of a techno-ethical governance framework that aligns digital innovation with human-centric values and inclusive development. Through coordinated, transparent, and equitable digital transformation, the digital revolution can be reorientated towards supporting sustainable and just global futures.
Assessing The State of NPD Strategies in the South African Retail Industry
Kailash Nath Sharma, Devapriya, Lotriet, Ronnie
Abstract
This study examines New Product Development (NPD) strategies among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa’s retail sector, a market characterized by intense competition and rapidly changing consumer preferences. Employing a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 SME suppliers associated with a major South African retailer, with the sample size determined by thematic saturation. Anonymity and ethical guidelines were strictly maintained. Thematic analysis revealed key internal and external factors influencing NPD success and failure, including competitive pressures, resource limitations, regulatory challenges, shelf space constraints, and infrastructural issues like power outages. Importantly, SMEs have adopted adaptive strategies such as benchmarking, leveraging global trends, forming private-label partnerships, and integrating hybrid Agile-Stage-Gate models to accelerate innovation while maintaining control. These findings provide valuable insights into overcoming challenges in emerging market supply chains and offer practical guidance for SMEs aiming to enhance their product development processes in dynamic retail environments.
EXPLORING SELECTED STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS ON GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECTING SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN LESOTHO
Sesema Matsepiso Chalatse , Prof. Ronnie Lotriet
Abstract
The study investigates how government policies and regulations impact the development and growth of SMEs in Lesotho. It is grounded in growth theory and employs a phenomenological strategy. The population included registered SMEs, informal SMEs, commercial banks, the tax authority, the Department of Small Businesses, government agencies, the Lesotho Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and business associations. The sample size, determined by saturation within each stakeholder group, consisted of 37 participants. Thematic analysis was used to inductively analyze the data, identifying trends and themes.
The findings showed that tax and monetary policies have a significant negative influence on SMEs’ growth and development in Lesotho. The study concluded that government policies and regulations have a significant and positive influence development and growth of SMEs. The study explicitly recommends that the Lesotho government adopt a more balanced policy approach and reform tax, monetary policies, and business licensing and registration regulations to address the specific situations of SMEs to contribute to sustainable growth. The simplified business taxation system, referred to as the Simplified Business Taxation (SBT), needs to be reviewed to include incentives and to ensure its effective implementation.
The findings showed that tax and monetary policies have a significant negative influence on SMEs’ growth and development in Lesotho. The study concluded that government policies and regulations have a significant and positive influence development and growth of SMEs. The study explicitly recommends that the Lesotho government adopt a more balanced policy approach and reform tax, monetary policies, and business licensing and registration regulations to address the specific situations of SMEs to contribute to sustainable growth. The simplified business taxation system, referred to as the Simplified Business Taxation (SBT), needs to be reviewed to include incentives and to ensure its effective implementation.
Implications of Miles and Snow’s strategic behaviour on SMEs’ performance in Manzini region, Eswatini.
Julius Warren Kule, MacDonald Kanyangale
Abstract
Delegates’ Perceptions of Academic Conferences and Satisfaction with the IBC 2024 Conference
CHRISTO BISSCHOFF, ANDRE P. CALITZ, MARGARET CULLEN
Abstract
Academic conferences serve as a platform to present recent research, remain current with the latest developments in a specific study field and engage in meaningful dialogue with professional colleagues. The International Business Conference (IBC) have been hosted for the past 17 years in different locations in Southern Africa and attended by over 2000 academics and researchers. It is recommended that conference organisers regularly request delegates to evaluate a conference they attended. The theoretical basis for successful conference organisation and management is grounded in the Theory of Events and using the IBC academic conference model. Delegates have not formally evaluated the 2024 IBC conference. This study aimed to determine delegates’ perceptions of the factors that are important for attending academic conferences and their satisfaction with the IBC 2024 conference held in September 2024 in Stellenbosch, South Africa. An online survey was conducted using QuestionPro, and the findings were statistically analysed. The findings indicate that the delegates enjoyed the location, that the conference was well-organised and that they appreciated the journal publication. The conference provided networking opportunities and younger academics appreciated the opportunity to present their research findings. The delegates further indicated that they would like more workshops included at the annual conference, panel discussions and excursions included in the conference fee. The literature and findings identify the important factors that the IBC conference organisers need to consider when planning and organising future IBC conferences.
An assessment of the performance management development system at a Hospital in Tshwane.
Masemola Vusi Frans Jacques & Ronnie Lotriet
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the performance management and development system (PMDS) of the Hospital in Tshwane. Participants were medical doctors, professional nurses, occupational therapists, and social workers who have worked at the institution for 2 or more years and could speak, read, and write English. The North- West University Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the chief executive officer (CEO) of the Hospital in Tshwane, clinical manager, nursing manager, occupational therapy manager, and social work manager. The National Health Research Database endorsed the study as meeting its criteria.
A cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research design was followed to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the PDMS. The study population numbered 331 individuals, and from the population, using the Roasoft technique, the researcher selected a sample of 179, ensuring the generalization of the findings. Web- based and hard-copy questionnaires were distributed to the selected participants, along with an information leaflet and consent forms, which had to be signed.
Findings suggested a general lack of understanding of the PMDS, although managers reported understanding it. Poor communication between supervisors and supervisees affected the implementation of the PMDS, particularly at the hospital in Tshwane.
A cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research design was followed to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the PDMS. The study population numbered 331 individuals, and from the population, using the Roasoft technique, the researcher selected a sample of 179, ensuring the generalization of the findings. Web- based and hard-copy questionnaires were distributed to the selected participants, along with an information leaflet and consent forms, which had to be signed.
Findings suggested a general lack of understanding of the PMDS, although managers reported understanding it. Poor communication between supervisors and supervisees affected the implementation of the PMDS, particularly at the hospital in Tshwane.
Perceived Internal Service Quality of Administrative Employees in the Department of Basic Education
Ms Ngoakoana J Motsoko, Dr Cornelia PJ Harmse
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the perceived service quality of administrative employees from the internal customers’ perspective in the setting of a government department. The study employed a quantitative research approach and a correlational survey research design. Online questionnaires, based on the SERVPERF scale, were administered as a data collection method after the non-probability convenient sampling technique was adopted to select a sample size of 162 from the population of 569 employees. One hundred and forty-eight questionnaires were returned. This constitutes a 91% response rate. Reliability of scales, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and t-tests were used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that internal customers were generally satisfied with the services they received from the administrative employees. The “tangibles” service quality dimension was ranked the lowest, indicating that internal customers were least satisfied with this aspect of service quality. There was a strong positive correlation between reliability and assurance. The results further revealed a strong positive relationship between tangibles and assurance and a strong correlation between tangibles and reliability. There was also a strong correlation between responsiveness and empathy. It can also be concluded that there was a strong correlation between empathy and tangibles. There was a moderate relationship between empathy and reliability. There was also a moderate correlation between responsiveness and reliability. It was recommended that attention should be given to the “tangibles” dimension of service quality of administrative employees. Most literature is on service quality and customer satisfaction, however, only a few have concentrated on the perceived internal service quality. This study was conducted in one public service department in one city and one province rather than all public service departments in all cities and nine provinces where the Department of Basic Education has offices. The findings can, therefore, not be generalised to a broader population.
Inclusive Resourcing: Ending Gender Bias In Aid OF A Sustainable Future
Dr Marianne Doubell
Abstract
Attention to equality legislation and policies burgeoned following the publication of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). The inclusion of SDG 5, relating to gender equality and empowerment, paved the way for scrutinising not only the role of inclusion in the creation of a sustainable future, but also the multifaceted damage caused by inequality.
The purpose of the research was to determine the scope of variables active in the formation of implicit bias in the workplace. The study was motivated by evidence of the negative impact of gender inequality on the achievement of the SDGs. Research furthermore pointed to the benefits of gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in climate adaptation. The research design was exploratory given the complex nature of hidden barriers and implicit bias in the workplace. The research paradigm for the primary research was quantitative. A self-administered web-based questionnaire was utilised for gathering information from participant business chambers on perceptions of gender-related workplace matters. The main quantitative findings showed a low variance for gendered perceptions of skills, abilities, and behaviours. The mean scores for women were generally higher, except for risk taking and control over emotions. Findings from F-tests for statistical significance and Cohen’s d for effect size correlated, with only the factor relating to teamwork showing both statistical significance and the highest effect size. Findings from open-ended questions were mostly positive but alluded to the need for managers to be more discernible in driving change. This study contributes to the field of implicit gender bias and its effect on creating a sustainable future, inclusive of a sustainable economy that fosters economic growth.
The purpose of the research was to determine the scope of variables active in the formation of implicit bias in the workplace. The study was motivated by evidence of the negative impact of gender inequality on the achievement of the SDGs. Research furthermore pointed to the benefits of gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in climate adaptation. The research design was exploratory given the complex nature of hidden barriers and implicit bias in the workplace. The research paradigm for the primary research was quantitative. A self-administered web-based questionnaire was utilised for gathering information from participant business chambers on perceptions of gender-related workplace matters. The main quantitative findings showed a low variance for gendered perceptions of skills, abilities, and behaviours. The mean scores for women were generally higher, except for risk taking and control over emotions. Findings from F-tests for statistical significance and Cohen’s d for effect size correlated, with only the factor relating to teamwork showing both statistical significance and the highest effect size. Findings from open-ended questions were mostly positive but alluded to the need for managers to be more discernible in driving change. This study contributes to the field of implicit gender bias and its effect on creating a sustainable future, inclusive of a sustainable economy that fosters economic growth.
AN OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICAN MUNICIPALITIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Mzamani Isaac Khoza, Kgashane Stephen Nyakala, Wilson Plaatjie Ramotshwane Malebye
Abstract
Municipalities in South Africa (SA) face numerous business process disruptions that impair their ability to provide services to their clients. Business continuity management (BCM) is crucial for ensuring the resilience of municipal service delivery operations that are essential for service continuity, even during disasters. This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesised published research on BCM within South African municipal context, aiming to map the knowledge, application, and impact on service delivery. A comparison of studies was made based on a search from eight academic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. The search was on BCM focused research published between January 2015 and February 2025. Using the Boolean Operators approach, search terms were combined to refine and narrow down the search results as follows: BCM in general, BCM in state institutions NOT private sector, and BCM AND local government in South Africa. Thematic analysis was employed to synthesise the findings from the selected studies through manual coding, grouping together associated themes and concepts and establishing their correlations. The SLR yielded 1176 relevant articles, with 472 published on BCM, and 704 on BCM-related concepts. Of these articles, only eighteen are within the SA context, of which six are on BCM in the SA government, and none on BCM in SA municipalities. A thematic analysis revealed that municipalities face unique BCM challenges, including knowledge deficits and skills gaps on the requisite expertise, inadequate adoption and integration with other strategic management systems, and inadequate infrastructure and resources. Having identified the limited research on the impact of BCM on organisational resilience and municipal service delivery, the study highlights some opportunities for BCM research within municipal contexts, particularly in SA, such as on developing BCM capacity and capabilities, the challenges facing municipal BCM practice. This SLR highlights the need for further research on BCM implementation in SA municipalities. It advocates for the development of context-specific BCM frameworks and the exploration of innovative strategies to enhance organisational resilience and maintain essential service continuity during operational disruptions.
Determining the readiness of small and medium enterprises for digital transformation: A quantitative analysis
Ralebitso Kenneth Letshaba
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the readiness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for digital transformation. It investigates how internal enablers, digital culture, digital orientation, digital capabilities, and digital strategy, contribute to digital transformation among SMEs. Grounded in Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), the study conceptualizes these enablers as dynamic competencies enabling firms to adapt to digital disruption. The research focused on SME owners and managers located in the Matlosana Local Municipality, situated in South Africa’s North West Province. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to gather data from a total of 213 SMEs. Data from 213 valid responses were analyzed using Smart-PLS structural equation modeling to test hypothesized relationships among constructs. Digital orientation, digital capability, and digital strategy significantly and positively influenced digital transformation, with digital orientation having the strongest impact. Surprisingly, digital culture showed no significant direct effect. SME leaders should prioritize strategy, capabilities, and orientation to enable transformation, particularly in resource-constrained contexts. This research extends DCT by empirically demonstrating the differentiated roles of internal digital enablers in SME transformation readiness. Digital transformation in SMEs is a strategically driven process; without deliberate alignment of capabilities and strategy, cultural readiness alone is insufficient to drive meaningful digital change.
Strategic Integration of Technology for Rural Automobile Artisan Entrepreneurs in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Mouton, N., Dladlama, B.
Abstract
This article explores the strategic integration of technology among automobile artisan entrepreneurs in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa. Drawing on Austrian economic theory, the research examines how technological adoption can enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness within informal and resource-constrained business environments. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 370 respondents through structured surveys and analysed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression techniques. Findings reveal that while technology literacy, training, and infrastructure are widely acknowledged as critical enablers of business success, actual uptake remains low due to systemic barriers such as inadequate skills development, lack of institutional support, and poor access to digital infrastructure. The study identifies a multidimensional framework comprising technological, managerial, and environmental factors that shape entrepreneurial performance in rural automotive enterprises. Based on these insights, a set of targeted recommendations is proposed to enhance policy, practice, and programmatic support aimed at fostering inclusive and sustainable development among rural SMMEs.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION FOR FEMALE GENDER INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Bouba Ismaila, John Beneke
Abstract
Worldwide, countries and communities are undergoing significant change due to digital transformation. In developing countries, this provides unprecedented opportunities for economic growth and social inclusion involving all genders. Yet inequalities in digital tools access, digital literacy, and government policy execution still exist in these countries. The present review investigated the relationship among digital transformation, gender integration, and economic growth in emerging nations by a bibliometric analysis of literature published between 2000 and 2025. To find important trends, obstacles, and possibilities, we examined 64 carefully chosen papers from the Scopus database after all studies deemed irrelevant to this review or lacking all main keywords or their variations (39), and duplicates (18) were removed from the original search result of 121. The use of Scopus was justified by the fact that most of the articles found on this search engine are also found on other search engines like JSTOR, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, etc. The retained papers were saved in a BibTex form, then exported to Bibliometrix portal through R studio platform. The data was subjected to different analyses that produced graphs and tables for further analysis by the authors and, in some cases with the assistance of AI tools such as Gemini or Claude AI. The results show that although the amount of study on digital transformation is increasing, especially since COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2022), studies that focus on gender are still under-represented. Terms like “digital literacy”, “financial inclusion”, and “gender” draw attention to important areas, but there are still gaps in how structural impediments and societal norms are addressed. To guarantee equitable digital growth, the study emphasizes the necessity of gender-inclusive policies, digital capacity-building programs, and digital context-sensitive technology solutions. Additionally, to empower women in the digital economy, recommendations include giving sector-specific interventions, participatory methodologies and cross-sectional research in digitalisation top priority. By outlining the changing research landscape and promoting laws that close the digital gender gap, this paper adds to the conversation on inclusive development.
Technology Adoption in South African Call Centres
Chummun, B. Z. , Cullen, M., Calitz, A. P., Boucher, S., Jonker, Y.
Abstract
Technology adoption is important in the evolution of call centres, where the focus is on automation with minimal human intervention. Various factors affect the adoption of new technologies. This study explores the key factors influencing the adoption of technology in South African call centres. Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework, the research analyses the constructs of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions. It also highlights the call centre environment and the importance of the acceptance of new technology. Data were collected through an online questionnaire distributed to call centre employees and a total of 141 responses were statistically analysed. Exploratory factor analysis and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify relationships between the independent factors and the behavioural intention to adopt new technologies. The findings show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions were the most significant drivers of technology adoption in call centres in South Africa. Social influence was an important mediator in that females had a higher Social influence rating than males in this study. The study’s results contribute to theoretical and practical fields as it extends the application of UTAUT by incorporating insights into the unique behavioural and infrastructural challenges of call centres in developing economies. Practically, the research gives recommendations for call centre managers, including specific training, increased technical support and strategies to address resistance to change.
CHALLENGES OF PROFESSIONALISM AND ETHICS FACED BY FINANCIAL ADVISORS IN DURBAN
Buyisiwe Angeline Ngcongo, MacDonald Kanyangale
Abstract
Professionalism and ethics are pivotal to the success of financial advisors in the world. However, we know little about what financial advisors experience as impediments to professionalism and ethics in South Africa. The objective of this exploratory study was to explore the challenges of professionalism and ethics faced by financial advisors according to financial advisors and compliance officers in Durban, South Africa. Interpretive research paradigm and purposive sampling were used to select eleven financial advisors and compliance officers in Durban. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with financial advisors and compliance officers were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis to induce themes depicting challenges related to professionalism and ethics.
The findings reveal five key challenges which impeded the professionalism of financial advisors: (i) bias towards sales and self-interest rather than client service orientation, (ii) giving advice without a holistic understanding of clients, (iii) succumbing to irresponsible leadership pressure to sell at any cost or perish, (iv) failure to conform to the norm of due diligence and (v) struggle to reconcile the pressure to appear as an ethical financial advisor and the necessity of adequate product knowledge. The conflict between personal interest and professional duty, non-disclosure of fees and Commission charges, inadequate and selective client education, which disempowers and facilitates abuse and treating clients poorly and unfairly were identified as the four key challenges related to ethics faced by financial advisors. Given these results, an integrative framework with a holistic, multi-level solution and approach to developing and supporting ethical and professional financial advisors is proposed. Future research is necessary to validate or modify the proposed holistic and multi-level framework for developing financial advisors who demonstrate ethical capabilities and professionalism.
Unravelling The Challenges Impeding Growth And Survival Of Small To Medium Sized Legal Firms In Durban, South Africa
Khanyile S. Nonduduzo, Kanyangale MacDonald, Mthombeni Admire,
Proches G. Cecile
Proches G. Cecile
Abstract
Despite small and medium sized legal firms in Durban, South Africa’s potential to contribute immensely to economic growth such firms have been seized by a myriad of problems which has affected their growth and survival. The main objective of this study was to explore factors impeding growth of small to medium-size legal firms in Durban, South Africa. The study unravelled the nature of challenges experienced by leaders and owner-managers of small to medium-sized legal firms in implementing long-term survival strategies in Durban. Researchers used the interpretivist philosophy where a qualitative research approach was applied to which an explanatory research design. The Higgins 8S Model was the theory that formed hinge of the study. Researchers conducted 14 interviews after reaching saturation with the participants purposively drawn from small and medium legal firms in Durban. Word cloud analysis was used in the producing of thematic themes. In this view, the study found out that various institutional challenges that small to medium-sized legal firms were facing in Durban, South Africa include increased competition, client cost sensitivity, limited resources for investing in new technology and training, and overregulation of practices. The study’s key managerial implication is that small and medium sized law firms must develop client-centric pricing strategies for them to survive. The study recommends that focus on strengthening collaboration within the legal community, leveraging partnerships to share resources, and fostering a culture of resilience to improve adaptability and long-term success
Business Ethics In Modern Corporate Environments: Principles, Challenges, And Strategies For Responsible Conduct
Amira Asvat
Abstract
Business ethics is an essential pillar of modern corporate governance and decision-making. In an increasingly interconnected and complex global economy, ethical business practices not only enhance a company’s reputation but also contribute to long-term sustainability and stakeholder trust. This paper explores the theoretical foundations of business ethics, examines prevailing ethical challenges in contemporary organisations, and evaluates strategic approaches that support ethical conduct. Particular attention is given to ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and regulatory compliance as mechanisms for embedding ethics within organisational culture. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, specifically a conceptual and literature-based approach, to critically examine existing academic theories, policy frameworks, and real-world case studies. It addresses the research question: How can organisations integrate ethical principles into governance, leadership, and strategic operations to effectively respond to current ethical challenges? Through thematic analysis, the research identifies key ethical dimensions such as transparency, stakeholder inclusion, accountability, and integrity. The findings suggest that structural mechanisms alone are insufficient without ethical leadership and a values-driven culture. By synthesising insights across disciplines and sectors, this paper offers a practical and theoretical framework for promoting ethical business conduct in diverse and evolving organisational contexts.
Assessing challenges in the implementation of anti-corruption strategies in the public sector of Gauteng, South Africa
Precious Rapea , JD Van Romburgh
Abstract
Corruption continues to be one of the biggest challenges to good governance, accountability, and sustainable development in the public sector. Even though South Africa has adopted various anti-corruption strategies, challenges in implementation still weaken their effectiveness, especially within provincial administrations like Gauteng. This study aims to critically examine the difficulties faced when putting anti-corruption strategy into practice in Gauteng’s public sector, highlighting the ongoing gap between policy and real-world practice. A qualitative approach was used, based on an extensive review of existing literature and semi-structured interviews with key officials involved in fraud prevention and anti-corruption efforts.
The findings show that weak institutional capacity, political meddling, limited accountability systems, a lack of whistleblower protections, and inconsistent policy enforcement are major obstacles to success. These issues are worsened by systemic problems such as insufficient resources and a governance culture that often accepts non-compliance. The study offers practical recommendations to bolster anti-corruption efforts, including improving institutional capacity, encouraging ethical leadership, strengthening legal and accountability systems, and involving civil society in oversight. Addressing these barriers can help Gauteng’s public sector move towards greater transparency, higher public trust, and better alignment with international anti-corruption standards. This research provides valuable insights into the specific challenges of anti-corruption implementation and suggests pathways for reform. Future studies could broaden the scope by including citizen perspectives and exploring the roles of digital technologies, cross-sector collaboration, and political leadership in fighting corruption.
The findings show that weak institutional capacity, political meddling, limited accountability systems, a lack of whistleblower protections, and inconsistent policy enforcement are major obstacles to success. These issues are worsened by systemic problems such as insufficient resources and a governance culture that often accepts non-compliance. The study offers practical recommendations to bolster anti-corruption efforts, including improving institutional capacity, encouraging ethical leadership, strengthening legal and accountability systems, and involving civil society in oversight. Addressing these barriers can help Gauteng’s public sector move towards greater transparency, higher public trust, and better alignment with international anti-corruption standards. This research provides valuable insights into the specific challenges of anti-corruption implementation and suggests pathways for reform. Future studies could broaden the scope by including citizen perspectives and exploring the roles of digital technologies, cross-sector collaboration, and political leadership in fighting corruption.
THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF SMALL, MEDIUM, AND MICRO ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND GHANA: REASONS AND OBSTACLES
P.K. Hoeyi
Abstract
The idea that businesses owe a responsibility to not only their shareholders, but also to a broader group of stakeholders is often called “corporate social responsibility”. The concept has gained acceptance across the globe, despite its contentious nature some decades ago. However, there has been an over-concentration of research on the concept in the large business domain to the detriment of non-large businesses. Even so, the focus has largely been on jurisdictions outside of Africa. There does not appear to be much work done in respect of business social responsibility reasons and obstacles among non-large firms, much less in the African context. Given that firm size is a key determinant of business behaviour, there is the need for a differentiated view of social responsibility in the non-large business sector also. Therefore, using stakeholder theory, this study sought to understand whether there are differences in reasons for, and obstacle to small, medium, and micro enterprises’ social responsibility in South Africa and Ghana. After analysing cross-sectional survey data collected from 446 owners and/or managers, there was not much difference found in the ranking of primary reasons according to country, whereas significant differences were found in the order of severity of obstacles by country.
The role of ethics in affecting SMEs’ trade credit management
Werner Henk Otto
Abstract
When considering the entrepreneurial value of SMEs while understanding their reliance on trade credit, the role of ethics in the credit agreement in either complementing debtors’ commitment to repayment or undermining it is accentuated. Insights into the essential role that ethics play in sustaining SMEs’ credit lending efforts could add value to improving their trade credit management efforts to promote liquidity and limit unprofitability associated with bad debt expenses. The study aims to determine the role of ethics in affecting SMEs’ trade credit management. The study employes a quantitative research design and purposive sampling technique targeting 10 450 formal SMEs across South Africa with data collected using the survey method by administering an online questionnaire. The results show a significant positive relationship between ethics and SMEs’ trade credit management effectiveness. The study contributes to the expansion of available literature concerning SMEs’ ethics and trade credit management determinants by emphasising the value of ethics towards improved trade credit management effectiveness. By showing the value of ethics in promoting trade credit management several recommendations are provided intended to promote liquidity and limit unprofitability.
Challenges of Students and Study Leaders When Collaborating for Research Publications, at a Business School in South Africa
Mmajane Sophy Mogorosi , Joseph Nembo Lekunze
Abstract
This paper examined the challenges of postgraduate research collaborations between students and faculty at a South African Business School. The paper aimed to identify the challenges faced by students and study leaders. This paper used a qualitative research framework with reflexive thematic analysis to interpret data from 11 interviews, comprising 45% female and 55% male participants. The main themes highlight the challenges faced by students and academic leaders, along with the motivations that drive collaborative initiatives. The findings show that support frameworks emphasizing inclusive education and personalized teaching greatly enhance collaborative research outcomes. These models enable equitable access to educational resources, fostering effective collaboration. The paper promotes strategies to enhance research collaboration. This includes raising awareness of policies and offering tailored support for diverse student needs. This paper improves understanding of collaborative practices in higher education, focusing on South Africa. It offers valuable insights for enhancing successful research partnerships.
The human edge in the AI age: irreplaceable skills in Entrepreneurship Education
Thea Tselepis
Abstract
AI has an influence on how entrepreneurs apply their skills to solve problems and start businesses. This implies that entrepreneurship education should promote and support the skills that tertiary students need to navigate the dynamic business world in an AI age. The argument in this paper is that some skills are not yet replaceable by AI, and it might well be these uniquely human skills that give entrepreneurs an edge in terms of competitiveness in the marketplace. The question that arises is what this human edge entails in terms of skills. The gap between human entrepreneurial skills and AI is presented from the literature, and these skills are validated in the findings. This paper offers a qualitative research method where 10 popular books that are recommended on various recommended lists for potential entrepreneurs are analysed. A directed content analysis was done on 10 books. The overarching skills are provided in each book, and a more detailed comparison is made of the skills implied or mentioned in the books with what AI can perform. The paper concludes with five important skillsets that are irreplaceable by AI, makes recommendations for entrepreneurship curricula, and, if implemented, may support potential entrepreneurs’ human edge.
Integrating Online Quizzes to Support Student Performance in Economic and Management Sciences Education
Zamagebe Siphokazi Vuthela , Mathew Kimanzi, Shaun Peens
Abstract
Student performance in higher education remains a significant concern, particularly in courses that require active engagement and practical application of knowledge. This issue was observed in a second year Economic and Management Sciences (EMS-2) class at a University of Technology in South Africa, where limited engagement appeared to contribute to lower academic performance. For this reason, it became necessary to explore innovative teaching and learning strategies to enhance student participation and performance. Aligned with the increasing integration of digital platforms in higher education, online quizzes were introduced to the EMS-2 class to strengthen understanding, provide immediate feedback and encourage active learning.
The study therefore examined the role of formative assessments, specifically online quizzes as a potential strategy to enhance student engagement and academic performance using quantitative research methods. Data was collected from 210 students enrolled in the EMS-2 course and included quiz attempts, individual quiz scores and the final assessment marks. Data analysis revealed a positive correlation between quiz participation and improved assessment results, suggesting that regular engagement with online quizzes can enhance content retention and overall academic performance. The study contributes to ongoing discussions on AI-driven formative assessment tools in education.
The study therefore examined the role of formative assessments, specifically online quizzes as a potential strategy to enhance student engagement and academic performance using quantitative research methods. Data was collected from 210 students enrolled in the EMS-2 course and included quiz attempts, individual quiz scores and the final assessment marks. Data analysis revealed a positive correlation between quiz participation and improved assessment results, suggesting that regular engagement with online quizzes can enhance content retention and overall academic performance. The study contributes to ongoing discussions on AI-driven formative assessment tools in education.
Contextualising African Business Education through Case Studies: A mindful Approach to innovation and entrepreneurship
First Author, Zukiswa Veronica Mancoba
Abstract
This conceptual paper examines the significance of case studies in advancing business education, entrepreneurship, and innovation activities in Africa. The need for contextualised African business cases is growing as higher education institutions seek to align curricular content with the realities of the local community. A strategic methodology for case writing is becoming essential due to the resilience of African economies and the rising prevalence of entrepreneurialism, especially among women and youth. This paper seeks to illustrate that active involvement in the development of case studies can transform business education by promoting practical problem-solving, enhancing local innovation, and linking academic research to real-world impact. This paper further presents a conceptual model for mindful case writing, drawing on concepts from mindfulness practices, organisational learning, and African studies, highlighting its potential to enhance entrepreneurial skills and creativity in higher education environments. The concept emphasises the power of attentive case writing to cultivate creativity and entrepreneurial potential. Institutions, educators, and policy makers are advised to invest in case-writing competencies and include African-centered narratives into the business curricula.
EVALUATION OF STUDENTS’ PERCPETIONS AND PREFERENCES OF ONLINE EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE POST-COVID 19 ERA
First Author, Zukiswa Veronica Mancoba
Abstract
This conceptual paper examines the significance of case studies in advancing business education, entrepreneurship, and innovation activities in Africa. The need for contextualised African business cases is growing as higher education institutions seek to align curricular content with the realities of the local community. A strategic methodology for case writing is becoming essential due to the resilience of African economies and the rising prevalence of entrepreneurialism, especially among women and youth. This paper seeks to illustrate that active involvement in the development of case studies can transform business education by promoting practical problem-solving, enhancing local innovation, and linking academic research to real-world impact. This paper further presents a conceptual model for mindful case writing, drawing on concepts from mindfulness practices, organisational learning, and African studies, highlighting its potential to enhance entrepreneurial skills and creativity in higher education environments. The concept emphasises the power of attentive case writing to cultivate creativity and entrepreneurial potential. Institutions, educators, and policy makers are advised to invest in case-writing competencies and include African-centered narratives into the business curricula.
Mobile Application Impact on Sales Education: An Analysis Using Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Marius Wait
Abstract
Orientation: This research makes a significant theoretical contribution through its novel application of Bloom’s taxonomy as an analytical framework for mining qualitative interview data.
Research purpose: To evaluate students’ progression through the taxonomy tiers in sales education following mobile application implementation as a teaching intervention.
Motivation for the study: This study addresses the critical knowledge gap regarding mobile technology’s impact on cognitive development in practical sales education, providing essential empirical evidence for optimising educational m-learning investments.
Research design, approach and methods: The study employed a single case study design and used a hybrid thematic analysis using deductive and inductive coding on 10 interview transcripts.
Main findings: The main finding indicate that the students progressed from tier one through to tier six and even implemented the practical sales m-learning in their work environment.
Practical/managerial implications: Several managerial suggestions are made but importantly is that students demonstrate preference for independent learning approaches over traditional instructor-dependent models. Mobile applications should include comprehensive self-tracking capabilities that enables students to monitor their own progress and assess skill development.
Contribution/value add: Given that mobile applications represent a relatively recent development in higher education, this study demonstrates that lecturers and mobile application developers should systematically incorporate Bloom’s cognitive tiers into their design considerations.
Keywords: Bloom’s taxonomy; mobile applications; m-learning; single case study design; hybrid thematic analysis.
Frameworks as a Doctoral Research Contribution
Flip Schutte, Emetia Swart
Abstract
Originality is the hallmark of doctoral research, often achieved through the development of novel frameworks or models. Despite their frequent interchangeability in academic discourse, frameworks and models serve distinct purposes within doctoral theses, with frameworks offering structured approaches for organising concepts and guiding implementation. This article investigates the criteria that define a framework as a legitimate and original contribution in doctoral research. Using a two-phase methodology, the study first conducts a semi-systematic literature review to clarify conceptual distinctions and identify essential attributes of frameworks within the context of doctoral education. Based on a rigorous screening of peer-reviewed sources, the review reveals that frameworks must demonstrate originality, conceptual clarity, methodological rigour, and practical utility to be recognised as significant doctoral contributions. In the second phase, qualitative insights are gathered through a virtual roundtable with experienced doctoral supervisors and scholars, further refining the criteria and highlighting the challenges candidates face in framework development. The synthesis of literature and expert perspectives culminates in a proposed rubric for evaluating frameworks in doctoral theses, offering clear guidelines for both candidates and examiners. The study concludes that well-developed frameworks, grounded in theory and validated through scholarly engagement, represent a substantial and enduring contribution to knowledge. These findings inform doctoral supervision and examination practices, emphasising the importance of conceptual rigour and reflective practice in the creation of frameworks as scholarly contributions.
An integrated performance model for South African private higher education institutions
Christo Bisschoff, Ridwaan Asvat, Sayed Rehman, Christoff Botha
Abstract
This study proposes a comprehensive model and incorporates measuring and managing the academic and business performance of private higher education institutions in South Africa. This study integrates two separate validated models (one on academic performance and the other on business performance) developed from a broad theoretical framework. These models identified and empirically validated 15 key business performance antecedents and 18 academic performance antecedents. Empirical analysis confirmed reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor- and path analysis confirmed that managing a private higher education institution requires a dualistic approach; that is, to manage the business performance and the academic performance separately within the institution. These managerial tasks cannot be combined into an integrated managerial model. The study offers practical value for business school directors, institutional managers, and investors in private higher education, providing a structured approach to evaluating and optimising business performance. Furthermore, it presents opportunities for researchers and scholars to explore and refine either the academic or business performance measurement frameworks within the higher education sector.
AI INTEGRATION IN AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Benjamin Quarshie, Paulina Maria Mngwevu, Akwasi Amponsah , Thandeka Mandisa Nomonde Nyawo, Prudence Jeaneth Ngwenya, Isaac Bengre Taley
Abstract
Technological advancement in Africa has accelerated with the rise of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), reshaping human interaction and transforming higher education. Central to this shift is Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly generative tools like ChatGPT, which have sparked diverse academic responses. This paper examines perceptions of AI integration in African higher education, focusing on ethics and academic integrity. The study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, which began with a probabilistic sampling, where a total of 70 peer-reviewed grey literature and academic publications were sourced. The data were sourced from Google, institutional repositories, and SCOPUS databases. Scraping was done both manually and with the help of Python codes in Google Colab. The collected data were then subjected to contextual textual analysis within an archival correlational framework. Findings reveal a sparingly low negative and a generally high positive sentiment about use of AI tools in African higher education. The study recommends that African higher education institutions adopt robust AI governance policies, integrate ethics and academic integrity training into curricula, and invest in equitable digital infrastructure to ensure inclusive access.
Adoption of AI in South African Banks: Emerging Opportunities and Organisational Challenges
Nonceba Ntoyanto-Tyatyantsi, Linda Malinga
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are transforming business models and strategies across industries and organisations. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of these disruptive technologies on business performance and design. To our knowledge, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the impact of AI on business models and strategies, especially with a focus on startups. In this paper, we addressed this gap by using a PRISMA framework and conducted a systematic literature review on this theme, utilising the Scopus database. We reviewed peer-reviewed articles and conference papers published in English and conducted a qualitative thematic analysis to identify key themes. The results indicated that implementing AI technologies in startups can improve efficiency and promote proficiency by influencing customer relationships, value propositions, key resources, activities and revenue streams. Moreover, adopting AI technologies in a startup can transform the business model from a product-based to a service-based one. Despite their direct impact on the value chain, these technologies also affect other business processes and functions, such as human resources. However, effectively leveraging these capabilities requires addressing associated challenges, including the need for human expertise, data security, and legal and ethical issues. These findings suggest that AI technologies have a ripple effect on business models and strategies. A change in one business strategy element impacts others. For example, introducing AI-driven task automation has an impact on human resources and capabilities. In addition, AI technologies can improve operational efficiency and proficiency through process optimisation, thereby enhancing performance across the startup value chain. AI adoption and implementation require a comprehensive approach from different levels of the organisation. The study highlights the need for further empirical research to deepen understanding of AI’s multifaceted effects on business models and strategies.
How do AI Technologies impact business models and strategies of startups? A Systematic Literature Review
Nkanyiso Kaizer Ndlovu , Rynhardt Pretorius
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the banking sector has accelerated globally, with South African banks increasingly adopting AI to enhance operational efficiency and customer service. However, this technological shift presents both opportunities and challenges unique to the local context. This study aimed to explore the impact of AI on the South African banking industry, with a focus on current applications, adoption barriers, workforce implications, and strategic responses. Motivated by the need to understand how banks navigate digital transformation amid regulatory and skills-related constraints, the research employed a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured interviews with industry professionals and a comprehensive literature review. Key findings revealed that AI-driven tools, particularly chatbots and humanoid robots, are increasingly used in customer service. Challenges included data privacy concerns, limited regulatory frameworks, and a shortage of AI expertise. While automation posed a risk of job displacement, banks were found to be actively investing in employee upskilling to prepare for more complex, AI-supported roles. The study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI in emerging markets by providing practical recommendations, including policy development, strategic workforce planning, and leadership capacity building. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, banking executives, and scholars seeking to understand AI’s evolving role in South African banking.
An investigation of the prevalence of antecedents and barriers of digital transformation: A case for a utility in South Africa
Thembi Mashinini, Tebogo Sethibe
Abstract
Background: Technology only will not bring about Digital Transformation success. This transformation impacts the entire business model. It is therefore necessary to look at industry transformation processes more holistically beyond the narrow prism of technology as the main influencing factor. The utility is embarking on its digital transformation journey, introducing new technologies with an aim of enhancing operational efficiencies, plant health improvement and revenue generation. Currently there is no research detailing the status of DT within the utility and the progress made with regards to DT implementation. Additionally, existing research on digital transformation implementation primarily adopts a generic perspective, with limited focus on utility specific approaches. This highlights a need for a shared understanding of expectations and a broader consideration of key factors to ensure DT effort. Therefore, this article aims at gaining deeper understandings of how senior managers are experiencing the implementation of DT by investigating the prevalence of antecedents and barriers as expressed by the utility senior managers.
Method: In gathering data, exploratory qualitative method was adopted. This study focused on 15 senior managers of the utility in South Africa. A purposive sampling approach was used to sample the senior managers, focusing only on those that are involved in the development and implementation of Digital Transformational at a strategic level. Semi structured interviews were conducted with senior managers.
Results: The findings revealed that digital transformation antecedents such as, information technology, digital projects, ecosystem, and customer engagement are more prevalent in the utility. However, there were concerns on antecedents such as new forms of leadership, culture, and digital strategy as a result these factors were less prevalent. Also, the lack of robust infrastructure, financial constraints, and lack of digital skills were identified as some of the barriers impeding DT success.
Conclusion: Understanding which barriers that could potentially impact on DT efforts and antecedents that are critical for DT success, will equip senior managers who are responsible for driving this change with the insights to effectively navigate the DT complexities. Fostering higher levels of digital maturity in the utility
Upscaling your game: tooling up to create your own scale
Dr Tish F. Taylor, Dr Wilhelm K. Neuland
Abstract
Despite the important role of survey research in managerial sciences, scale development is often neglected in master’s and doctoral training, even with programmes designed to develop advanced research skills. As a result, the use of existing scales has become the default approach—arguably a fundamentally flawed strategy. This conceptual paper aims to create a simple, understandable scale creation guide tailored to the managerial sciences. Crude in its simplicity but robust in execution, the guide empowers researchers to place scale creation on equal footing with existing scale usage. The scale guide comprises 34 considerations, organised into six sequenced steps to enhance understandability and ease of use. Should students, supervisors, or researchers decide to make use of an existing scale, a robust guide to existing scale evaluative steps (or ESES) has been compiled to assist with this process. Most importantly, it is designed to fit onto two pages. Future researchers are encouraged to explore further simplification and robustness of scale creation guides.
INSTITUTIONALISING AI-CHATBOTS FORINCLUSIVE AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGEDISSEMINATION IN SELECTED AFRICANCOUNTRIES
Tendai Chiguware and Binganidzo Muchara
Abstract
Smallholder farmers in Southern Africa heavily rely on agricultural extension services for critical knowledge. However, language and literacy barriers limit the effectiveness of conventional and digital advisory tools. This paper explores the institutionalisation of AI-powered multilingual chatbots on mobile messaging platforms as a scalable, inclusive solution for enhancing agricultural knowledge dissemination. Using data from the Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) and documented chatbot case studies (e.g., Ulangizi AI in Malawi and Darli AI by Farmerline), we find that while mobile phone access is widespread, actual use of digital advisory services remains low due to content being inaccessible in local languages or requiring high literacy. AI chatbots offer potential to deliver timely, relevant, and localized advice via voice and text in indigenous languages, helping overcome these barriers. Evidence shows increased farmer engagement, improved access to extension support, and stronger trust when services are institutionalised within community context and local languages. Nonetheless, issues around data privacy, infrastructure, content validation, and sustainability persist. We argue for institutionalizing these AI tools within formal extension systems, supported by government frameworks and partnerships, to ensure scale, credibility, and long-term impact. This approach can institutionalise access to agricultural knowledge and contribute meaningfully to rural development.
‘WHEN SIMPLICITY SUSTAINS’: ASSESSING THEVIABILITY OF FURROW-BASED IRRIGATION OVERSPRINKLER SYSTEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA’SSMALLHOLDER SCHEMES
Binganidzo Muchara
Abstract
This study investigates the sustainability of three smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa, namely Ciko Irrigation Scheme, Foundation Irrigation Scheme, and the Mooi River Irrigation Scheme (MRIS). With Ciko and Foundation schemes no longer functional as of 2025, this paper explores whether furrow-based (gravity-fed) irrigation systems offer more sustainable options for smallholder farmers compared to sprinkler systems. Drawing on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and New Institutional Economics, the study assesses profitability, governance systems, and management ease. Findings show that furrow systems like those in MRIS require less maintenance and operational complexity, making them more suitable in low-resource settings. In contrast, sprinkler systems in Ciko and Foundation demand technical knowledge, consistent maintenance, and financial inputs, often beyond the reach of farmers. The study concludes with recommendations for infrastructure investment, advocating for the promotion of simpler irrigation systems aligned with local realities.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITALISATIONIN AGRICULTURE: A SCHOLARLY REVIEW ONEMPOWERING FARMERS WITH EMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Bouba Ismaila, John Beneke
Abstract
This study examines recent academic research on how digital technology and artificial
intelligence (AI) may empower farmers in developing nations. Based on more than 130 peerreviewed
publications from 2015 to 2025, the study investigates how agricultural practices
are changing due to blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), mobile-based advisory platforms,
and AI-driven decision support systems. The results show many chances to increase market
accessibility, resource efficiency, crop output, and climate resilience. However, ongoing
issues that cover everything from regional inequality and restricted data availability to digital
inequalities and infrastructure gaps, as well as gender parity, impede equitable adoption. In
addition, the analysis offers implementation and policy ideas that support digital agriculture
that is inclusive, locally relevant, and sustainable. It ends by outlining future research
directions to close regional gaps and strengthen the connection of AI innovation with food
security and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).