2023 Publications

Proceedings of the 16th International Business Conference for 2023
ISBN: 978-0-7961-2665-8

 

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Agricultural Management

Applied Business School Research

Business Education

Business Ethics

Business Management

Critical Management Studies

Entrepreneurship

Environmental Management

Financial Management

Human Resource Management

Info & Knowledge Management

Investment & Management Accounting

Marketing Management

Operations & Supply Chain Management

Tourism Management

Investigating factors that influence the sustainability of urban agriculture: A case study of Kwa-Mashu, eThekwini Municipality

Balance Phala and Bibi Zaheenah Chummun

Abstract

Despite eThekwini Municipality’s continued support for agricultural projects in Kwa-Mashu to overcome challenges such as food insecurity and poverty, these projects are not self-sustaining. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that affect the sustainability of small-scale agriculture initiatives supported by the eThekwini Municipality in Kwa-Mashu township and propose recommendations that could serve as a basis for food systems strategy in the city. A mixed method approach was adopted, and data was collected using questionnaires through a survey method. Qualitative data were analysed using the thematic method, while quantitative data were analysed by SPSS using inferential statistics. The results showed that UA is predominantly practiced by women between the ages of 36 and 60, with 63% of respondents being unemployed.

An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Detective Internal Control for Small Business Entrepreneurs in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Edward Rankhumise and Portia Pearl Siyanda Sifolo

Abstract
Detective internal controls usually foster compliance among small businesses and are the second line of defence to identify errors, theft, or omission that the preventive controls failed to block. They provide a holistic technical view that safeguards and protects the assets of small businesses. However, failure to isolate the unique risks facing small businesses negatively affects the detective internal controls and is often neglected. A qualitative method was adopted through semi-structured interviews among 12 small business entrepreneurs in Mpumalanga, South Africa. MAXQDA 2022 was used to analyse data. The results revealed that small businesses were reluctant to participate due to their concerns about the information being gathered. Moreover, small business entrepreneurs indicated a lack of financial readiness and technical and conceptual business management skills as prohibitors to implementing internal detective controls. Ineffective detective internal control activities lead to weak documentation, noncompliance, lack of skilled employees and volatile employee dynamics, inconsistent use of bank accounts, inadequate information systems and software and business continuity issues. The emergence of trends and resilience strategies adopted by small business entrepreneurs during the pandemic provides a glimpse of what futuristic small business entrepreneurship looks like.

Human Resource Management: Definition, Practices and its Measurement

Ayanaw Yeneneh Wongelu

Abstract
Human resource management is crucial for organisations because it involves the effective management of an organisation’s human capital, which includes its employees or workforce. The aim of this article was to comprehensively review the literature on human resource management (HRM) and define the concept, specify its practices, and determine its measurement techniques. For this purpose, 352 related articles and books were reviewed qualitatively, and their contributions were discussed accordingly. From the literature, it is clear that no consensus exists about the definition, which practices are involved, or measurement techniques when reference is made to HRM.
The results revealed that researchers seldom define HRM differently and list diverse practices and measurement techniques. As a conclusion, the core and most frequently used HRM practices are compensation management, employee training and development, performance appraisal and management, selection, recruitment, promotion, and career management, followed by job analysis and design, human resource planning (HRP), participation, and job security. The researcher would like to suggest that a clearer understanding of the concept of HRM, its subcomponents, and the measurement thereof will not only assist practitioners in focusing their actions on the comprehensive concept but will also assist researchers in adequately measuring and reporting on the concept.

Leadership of State-Owned Enterprises in Malawi: Proposing a Conceptual Framework of Authentic Strategic Leadership

MacDonald Kanyangale

Abstract
There is a paucity of research on authentic leadership of top-level executives, especially in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). This conceptual paper aims to review the existing models of authentic leadership and propose a new and comprehensive framework of Authentic Strategic Leadership (ASL) in leading SOEs in Malawi. To pursue this aim, a background literature review on authenticity and authentic leadership was conducted in several peer-reviewed journals to identify the conceptual foundation and nature of authenticity and authentic leadership and dimensions, revealing different and interrelated aspects of authentic leadership in the existing models.
Six key dimensions of ASL of SOEs in Malawi are connecting authenticity to Self and organisation strategic direction, building organisational resilience, strategic authenticity, the iterative and authentic influence of internal and external stakeholders and collaborative and transparent drive of positive change and producing Direction, Alignment and Commitment (DAC). Based on the identified dimensions and gaps, a new framework of ASL of SOEs operating in a politicised context is proposed to guide practice and future research.

Exploring Perceptions about the Role of CDOs in the C-Suite during the Era of Big Data

Louise De Koker, Paul Poisat, Sasha Boucher, Gabriel Tati

Abstract
More organisations continue to invest in big data analytics recognising the vital strategic value for achieving sustainable competitiveness. To fully leverage its potential, companies are creating a new C-suite role, the Chief Data Officer (CDO), with the number of such appointments rising. However, there is a paucity of empirical research, and the specific responsibilities of CDOs remain unclear. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted interviews with senior managers from large retail JSE-listed companies as well as local and international data analytic consultants to explore their understanding of the CDO role.
The findings revealed that the primary focus of CDOs is to transform their organisations into data-driven entities. However, there was a lack of role clarity about the CDO as well as the relative relationship between the CDO and CIO within organisations. Additionally, experts interviewed emphasise that companies wishing to enhance big data analytics should implement hybrid structures to adequately respond to the demands of big data. Through this research, we provide valuable insights into this emerging C-suite executive role and offer guidance on how companies can maximise the value of their CDOs. By recognising the significance of CDOs and understanding their functions, organisations can better capitalise on the potential of big data in gaining a competitive edge.
*Corresponding

Integration and Communication Management as Critical Higher Education Institution Merger Success Factors

Lungile Ntsizwane, Yvonne du Plessis

Abstract
This study explored communication management as a factor influencing the integration of administrative systems and processes in a merged higher education institution. The integration of administrative systems and processes becomes daunting when the merged institution has multiple campuses in dispersed locations with different cultures. Mergers often focus on significant structural changes and overlook integration aspects such as administrative systems and processes leading to misalignments and operational chaos. This research pursued a single qualitative case study approach with data collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. conducted with a sample. The participants for this research were senior administrative employees selected through stratified purposive sampling.
The findings revealed that the lack of integration management is associated with neglecting multilevel managerial communication, as experienced by administrative staff. Therefore, the lack of communication management during the merger process is viewed as a major factor that negatively influences the post-merger integration. If communication is lacking or misaligned on all levels of management, it creates chaos and failure on multiple levels of administration with subsequent merger failure. This paper recommends that HEIs management must give special attention to integration management and communication management as critical merger success factors to ensure administrative systems and processes integration within the three merger phases, i.e., pre-merge, merger implementation, and post-merger.

Operationalising Action Learning for Leadership Development

Bradley White, Prof. Paul Poisat

Abstract
This phenomenological study seeks to understand the experiences and the extent that participants, mentors and departmental managers perceived that action learning developed the leadership competencies of participants, and specifically leadership competence aligned to the BASF Global Competency Model. The objective was to create career experiences and identify environmental influences that stifle or stimulate developmental growth through exposure to real-world practices while being supported by a facilitation and mentoring system that offered critical, constructive feedback.
The theoretical framework for the study was guided by the constructs of adult learning, action learning and leadership development as well as the link between learning, action learning and leadership development. Data was collected from 15 participants through the use of observations, action learning sessions and semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions, with the interviews transcribed and then analysed using Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software. (1) Learning transfer levers, (2) 70:20:10 model, (3) Facilitation and Mentoring, (4) Connections and setbacks, and (5) Successful Succession are the themes developed from the research findings.
These themes serve as critical success factors to operationalise action learning as a modern-day approach, capable of developing leadership at multiple levels and contexts while building collaborative partnerships and networks that aid in organisational development.

The Relationship between Perceived Organisational Support, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention in the Aviation Industry of South Africa

Nnditsheni John Muofhe, Puleng Jacky Siyoko

Abstract
Background: This research focused on the relationship between perceived organisational support, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. It is believed that retaining qualified and competent professionals is imperative for the operational efficiency of aviation companies.
Purpose of study: The objectives of the study were twofold. The first was to examine the relationship between perceived organisational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention. The second was to determine whether perceived organisational support and job satisfaction predict turnover intention.
Motivation: Various relationship dynamics between perceived organisational support, job satisfaction, and intention to leave have been identified in the literature, but little study has been conducted in the aviation industry.
Research Methodology: The study followed a quantitative research method. Online survey instruments were distributed to 1200 and generated 130 responses from full-time employees at the managerial and support levels of the South African aviation company.
Main findings: Correlational analysis showed an association between perceived organisational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Multiple regression analyses supported that perceived organisational support and job satisfaction predict turnover intention.
Research contribution: The study results will inform industry leaders on how to avoid the significant worker turnover rate in the aviation industry.

Implementing New Technologies in a Contact Centre Environment

Lucrecia Benjamin, Geoff A Goldman

Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution has ushered in technological advances that have revolutionised our way of life. In modern contact centres, technology affects the nature of work and, due to automation of routine tasks, job uncertainty and distress prevails. The fear of redundancy influences many employees to resist the adoption of new technologies. This study aims to understand the factors that influence people’s decision to adopt or resist new technologies. A single case study of a contact centre, employing qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured interviews and directed content analysis were utilised.
The findings indicate that employees do not oppose technology, but are concerned about job losses, redundancy, and being replaced by machines. Workers are, however, enthusiastic and eager to learn new technologies to upskill themselves. In addition to examining factors that influence the decision to resist or adopt technology, this study focuses on encouraging and supporting employers and employees’ transition to new technologies. The findings of this study indicate that fear of loss and uncertainty persist following the adoption of technology. These findings demonstrate the need to assist employees in managing the stress associated with such feelings.

Perceptions of an Apprenticeship Selection Process

Juliet Townes

Abstract
Organisations have identified artisans as a critical staffing concern. The artisan job family has been identified as a scarce and critical skill. Domestic economies and the effectiveness and success of several industries could be negatively affected if this artisanal crisis is not addressed. Despite this, there is limited research regarding the profiling and selection of apprentices.
The qualitative research reported in this paper aimed to explore three stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of an apprenticeship selection process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected representatives from the employer, apprentice, and applicant stakeholder groupings to gauge their views on the selection process.
A sample of seven employer representatives, 12 apprentices and six applicants from two companies were individually interviewed to collect data. The narrative analysis findings revealed that the selection process was more manageable, professional, fair, and transparent than previous selection techniques.
The employer representatives also highlighted that the process had efficiently enabled them to screen for the unique skill set required of commencing apprentices. Despite the positive impact of the selection process experienced by all three stakeholder groups, some challenges were documented. The paper concludes with recommendations to address the research findings and managerial implications.

Job Crafting Efficacy: Introducing a New Concept

Nelesh Dhanpat, Roslyn de Braine

Abstract
This research introduces a new concept called “job crafting efficacy”, which contributes to the existing job crafting theory. Drawing on the job crafting theory by Wrzesniewski and Dutton and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, the concept of job crafting efficacy is developed through conceptual analysis, utilising a literature review on job crafting and self-efficacy. Job crafting efficacy is defined as an individual’s self-assessed belief and confidence in their ability to proactively modify job tasks, relationships and cognitive aspects to align with their preferences, strengths and goals. This construct aims to enhance individuals’ work experiences and outcomes. The study presents four propositions that explore the impact of job crafting efficacy on job crafting behaviours and other work outcomes. By proposing the concept of job crafting efficacy, this research contributes to the literature by offering a new perspective that empowers individuals to confidently engage in job crafting behaviours. The concept of job crafting efficacy needs further empirical research to validate its effects. Additionally, practical implications are provided for individuals, organisations and managers to promote job crafting efficacy and foster an environment that supports job crafting behaviours. The study also offers methodological recommendations for future research in this area. Overall, this research advances the understanding of job crafting by introducing the concept of job crafting efficacy and provides insights into both theory and practice.

Psychological Empowerment and Work Engagement: A Two-Way Street

Nelesh Dhanpat, Dudu Simphiwe Mkhwanazi

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the reciprocal relationship between psychological empowerment and work engagement using a quantitative cross-sectional research approach. Data was collected from 213 participants in financial services organisations in Gauteng using pre-established and validated measures administered online. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between all dimensions of psychological empowerment (meaning, impact, self-determination and competence) and work engagement (vigour, dedication and absorption). The dimensions of work engagement were also found to be positively correlated with psychological empowerment. Furthermore, the study revealed that the dimensions of meaning, impact and competence significantly predicted work engagement, while vigour and dedication significantly predicted psychological empowerment. These findings emphasise the importance of promoting work engagement among employees to enhance psychological empowerment. Organisational interventions, such as job redesign, training programmes and employee involvement initiatives, may be beneficial in fostering both work engagement and psychological empowerment. The study demonstrates the reciprocal relationship between psychological empowerment and work engagement, highlighting the positive associations between their respective dimensions. The findings underscore the significance of promoting work engagement to enhance psychological empowerment in the workplace. Organisational interventions can play a crucial role in fostering these positive outcomes.

The Impact of a Working Model on Employee Performance

Nomthandazo Nkosi, Sambil Mukwakungu, Nita Sukdeo, Charles Mbohwa

Abstract
There are many factors that influence how employees perform and this study focused on the working models. The type of a working model that an employee has access to (either by choice or default), has an impact on how they perform their job. This study was conducted at a South African bakery with the aim of evaluating the impact of a working model on employee performance. A mixed methods approach was adopted, where observations were conducted at the company’s premises to notice and identify differences in customer queues, and employees’ performance when the company expanded, and the company’s top management was interviewed after the observations. Furthermore, 200 questionnaires were distributed to customers where 186 responses were received and showed a positive correlation between employee performance and customer service and satisfaction. Findings and the recommendation to use a rotational shift working model to improve employee performance proved that working models do affect employee performance. For future research, it is recommended to use other SERVQUAL tool constructs, and the use of larger sample sizes, different geographical locations, and various sectors to widen the generalization of the study findings related to employee performance as affected by working models.

Junior Academics’ Perspectives of Leadership Behaviours at a Training and Vocational College in South Africa

Prachi Singh, Marius W Stander, Marieta Du Plessis

Abstract
The TVET sector and its academics continue to be plagued by many challenges, of which poor leadership and management feature prominently. Ascertaining what academics value in terms of leadership behaviours is thus of importance. The general objective of this research was to capture junior academics’ perspectives on leadership behaviours at a TVET college in South Africa. A qualitative approach was utilised for this study, using an interpretivist worldview. A purposive sample of 27 junior academics participated in face-to-face semi-structured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis.
The findings revealed a prevalence of toxic and destructive leadership behaviours, interspersed with a few positive ones. Themes emanating from the study centred on academics’ experiences of leaders’ behaviours as they relate to (1) psychological safety, (2) work ethics, (3) professionalism, (4) empowerment, and (5) decision-making. The findings signal a need for positive leadership behaviours at the HEI to prevent a proliferation of toxicity. Capturing leadership experiences at a TVET college may constitute valid input into formulating appropriate human resource management policies concerning recruitment, selection, performance management, and training and development of academic leaders at TVET colleges.

Investigating a Living Wage in Namibia: a Qualitative Study

Molefe J. Maleka, Clifford K. Hlatywayo, Mthokosi Mpofu, Ines Meyer

Abstract
The paper investigated the extent to which employees perceive their income as a living wage that enables them to live a decent life in Namibia. This study was influenced by Sen’s capability and Carr et al’s living wage frameworks, showing that it approached living wage from an economic and psychological lens. The study was qualitative, and it was influenced by interpretivism. The participants were conveniently selected and interviewed outside the Mall of Namibia in Windhoek. The data were thematically analysed. The main findings were that employees who earned below N$4000 could not afford to make ends meet, while those who earned N$10 001 and above monthly could live decent lives. It was also found that salaries can be market-related, but that the cost of living and family arrangements make it difficult for employees to cope, irrespective of their wage levels. This study has implications for managers, policymakers and human resources practitioners, in that paying low wages traps employees in poverty, and such wages adversely affect organisational justice and employee well-being (i.e., happiness and job satisfaction).

Optimism and Work Engagement at a South African Municipality

Bridget de Villiers, Chantel Harris, Mpumelelo Mkoko

Abstract
Work can be stressful and demanding. Employees who are optimistic are better able to handle work-related challenges. This is because optimistic employees tend to be more engaged and will persist in the face of adversity due to deep sense of connection to their jobs. The South African local government sector presents a particularly challenging work environment. Frequent political regime changes, bureaucratic corruption and inefficient leadership may influence the ability of public sector employees to work effectively and ensure service delivery. It is therefore important to understand how a sense of optimism could influence their engagement and assist them to rise above difficult circumstances.
A quantitative and survey-based study was conducted to explore optimism and engagement at a municipality located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (n=155). The findings of the study revealed that employees experienced high levels of optimism and work engagement; further, a moderate and positive relationship emerged between these variables. A moderate and positive relationship also emerged between optimism and the engagement subconstructs of dedication and vigour, and a slight but significant relationship between optimism and the subconstruct of absorption. The study contributes towards the field of knowledge and practice as it relates to the constructs of optimism and engagement, more particularly in the public sector.

Mediation Role of Management Support in the Relationship between Psychological Capital, Job Insecurity and Employee Job Performance

Ikobeng Winnie Makgetha, Ntseliseng Khumalo, Bernard Moeketsi Hlalele

Abstract
Employee job performance is crucial for organisations to achieve their goals efficiently and effectively. This phenomenon is influenced by several factors that significantly provide resources and guidance to teams, enabling them to complete their tasks successfully. This study investigated the mediation role of management support between psychological capital and job insecurity on employee job performance. The data were collected from 191 professionals working in the mining industry in South Africa. The reliability analysis results showed that the scale had a high reliability and internal consistency. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that including the factor model significantly improved the fit of the model to the data.
The results of the multiple regression with mediation indicated that management support partially mediated the relationship between psychological capital and job insecurity on employee job performance. These findings suggest that management support is crucial in enhancing the positive effects of psychological capital and job insecurity on employee job performance. The practical implications of this study suggest that organisations should prioritise developing and fostering management support for their employees to improve employee job performance.

A Hybrid Skills Set for Automotive Organisations in South Africa and Implications for Talent Strategies

Wayne Macpherson, Michelle R. Mey, Amanda Werner

Abstract
Exponential technological development and change pose operational and talent challenges for organisations in the South African automotive industry, making it essential to identify, source and develop skills needed for Industry 4.0 (Maisiri & Van Dyk, 2021). The purpose of this paper was to confirm a proposed Hybrid Skills Set for automotive organisations in South Africa (MacPherson, 2021) and to determine if current talent strategies used by these organisations were aligned with Industry 4.0 skills requirements. An on-line survey exploring the perceptions of 137 representatives from automotive organisations in South Africa confirmed the components of the proposed Hybrid Skills Set. Contrary to expectations, technical skills did not emerge as the most essential skill component in the Hybrid Skills Set. Conceptual, human and personal skills ranked as most important. Statistically significant relationships found among the various components of the Hybrid Skills Set attested to their interrelatedness. In addition, significant positive correlations were noted between the various skills components in the Hybrid Skills Set and the talent strategies (recruitment, selection and retention) used in these organisations, but less so for the human skills component. The results of this study have managerial implications, and specifically for the re-alignment of skills with Industry 4.0 requirements through appropriate talent strategies. The upskilling and reskilling of existing employees, and a renewed focus on attracting talent specifically targeted for Industry 4.0 are crucial for competitiveness and survival.

Using the Ensemble Method to Predict Employee Attrition at the Multination Consulting Corporation

Molefe J Maleka

Abstract
The paper aimed to identify essential features that predict employee attrition at the multination consulting corporation. Losing talented employees is costly to organisations, as they incur recruitment and development costs and lose their competitive edge. Mobley, Griffeth, Hand and Meglino’s (1979) model was used to give theoretical grounding to the study. The study was quantitative, and the positivism paradigm influenced it. It used secondary data and bivariate analysis, including correlation and bagging (i.e., bagging classifier, random forest, decision tree, weighted bagging classifier, and decision tree estimator), to analyse data and decide which model best predicts attrition.
The data showed the top significant predictors of employee attrition: monthly income, overtime, daily rate, age, hourly rate, distance from home, number of companies worked and work-life balance. This study contributes by using the emerging ensemble method in predicting the features that predict employee attrition. Since 4 of the top 8 predictors are remuneration-related, managers should focus on revising and benchmarking best practices in the remuneration policy. Management should also focus on developing strategies to retain employees between 18 and 28 years.

A Conceptual Analysis of The Effective Career Development of Young Academics

Boitumelo Makhubele, Musawenkosi Donia Saurombe

Abstract
Traditionally, the academic profession has globally been characterised as being for more seasoned and mature professionals, who after acquiring practical expertise in their respective vocations, would enter the academic arena to disseminate the knowledge they acquired over the span of their careers. This is corroborated by how conventional academics were often perceived as fountains of knowledge and wisdom from which students would drink, as per the orthodox teaching philosophies. However, with the ageing academic workforce, there is growing pressure on higher education institutions to secure and create a highly talented cohort and pipeline of academics. Using a conceptual research methodology, this paper sought to explore effective ways of developing young career academics into the talent pool that South African higher education institutions need to ensure sustainability in the future. The main findings of this paper were that a reputable employer brand, an attractive EVP and a distinguishable employment experience is critical towards the effective career development of young academics. The paper contributes to the existing literature on the career development of young academics.

Adoption Of Digital Human Resource Management: Effect of Perceived and Observed Value

Munodani Chapano, Michelle R. Mey, Amanda Werner

Abstract
The digitalisation of the Human Resource Management (HRM) function is increasingly considered to be one of the most effective ways to enhance HRM service delivery. Understanding the factors that influence the adoption of Digital HRM Systems can assist in reducing resistance to change and support the adoption of HRM technology within organisations. This study empirically examined the extent to which the perceived and observed value of digital HRM influenced the adoption of Digital HRM Systems in a sample of HRM professionals and line managers (n = 312), obtained from the South African automotive industry through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), descriptive analysis and regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The findings of this study revealed that both the perceived and observed value of digital HRM influenced the adoption of Digital HRM Systems. The greatest value for digital HRM was found among stakeholders and employment relations. Thus, managers can increase the adoption of Digital HRM Systems if they focus on stakeholders and employee relations.

The Relationship Between Psychological Capital, Job Crafting and Work Engagement of Academic Staff at South African Universities

Christopher Donough, Rukhsana Jano, Marieta Du Plessis

Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic, academic employees were faced with a rapid transition to remote online teaching with resultant effect on their levels of work engagement. Examining the role of job crafting on the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement in the academic setting can provide important information to encourage job crafting behaviours within the university as a means to maintain engagement.
An online survey measuring psychological capital, job crafting and work engagement was used to gather data from n = 156 academics across various institutions in South Africa. The data was analysed using correlational analysis as well as Process macro to identify the indirect effect of job crafting. Results indicate a positive relationship between PsyCap and work engagement. Only two job crafting dimensions namely, increasing challenging job demands and increasing structural resources, successfully mediated the relationship between PsyCap and work engagement of academics. The results suggest that even with shifting work duties and changes in work environments, individuals with high levels of PsyCap tend to have higher levels of engagement. Adding challenges and tapping into structural resources through job crafting can further mediate improved engagement of academics.

Gender at Work: Does it Matter?

Nuraan Agherdien, Michelle Mey, Paul Poisat

Abstract
Gender equality in career success has become a focus area in recent years. The purpose of this paper was to measure the extent to which identified factors influence the career success experienced by men and women are the same.
The target population comprised of 243 employed persons, across gender, ethnicity and within South Africa. For purposes of this paper, a quantitative approach was employed by means of a self-administered online survey. The main findings suggest that in respect to gender, there were no differences in the responses to the factors. Differences were however found in Ethnicity, Age, Religion, Marital Status and Number of Children.
This paper contributes to the body of knowledge on experienced career success and provides practical strategies that can be used by individuals and organisations to promote an environment of inclusivity and equality in which individuals can flourish and experience success.

Investigating the Role of Leadership on Job Satisfaction and Work Engagement of Healthcare Professionals in the Khomas Region, Namibia

Michael Hough, Wesley Reginald Pieters

Abstract
Leadership remains to be a critical factor in organisational success, employee job attitudes and productivity. The role that leaders execute is influenced by the type of followers but also by the situation in which the leader functions. Considering the increased pressure on the Namibian healthcare system, effective leadership is needed to direct and energise healthcare professions to deliver excellent quality services. This study made use of a quantitative research design, utilising a questionnaire (survey research) to assess leadership, job satisfaction and work engagement amongst healthcare professionals in the Khomas region, Namibia. Transformational leadership improved job satisfaction and work engagement. Laisses-faire leadership reported a positive relationship with job satisfaction and a negative relationship with work engagement. This study recommends the implementation of transformational leadership training, integrated leadership and self-leadership amongst healthcare professionals. Future studies may consider making use of a qualitative research design or longitudinal design. This study adds to the understanding of leadership and contributes to the literature within Namibia and the healthcare industry.

Exploring the Influence of a Job Crafting Intervention among a Pilot Group of Academic Employees

Mineshree Naidoo-Chetty, Marieta du Plessis

Abstract
Constant changes in the higher education arena led to academics needing to function in a volatile and complex environment. This has created unique demands which academics need to overcome. Academics, therefore, need to change their job design proactively. The effectiveness of a job crafting intervention among HEI academics in improving job resources and decreasing job demands was explored. Owing to constant changes in the higher education environment, it has become imperative that HEIs have a better understanding of how to assist academics when dealing with challenging or hindering demands in the workplace. Job crafting can be a proactive mechanism to alter demands and enhance job resources. This study attempts to contribute knowledge in assessing the effectiveness of a job crafting intervention with a pilot group of academic staff. A mixed-method, pre-experimental research approach was implemented (n = 9). Participants completed pre- and post-measures while participating in two, two-hour online job crafting training sessions. No significant quantitative differences between pre- and post-measurements emerged from the data, although participant reflections hint towards qualitative differences in work-related thinking and actions. The pilot study implied favourable acceptance of a brief job crafting intervention to consider changes to academic work by reducing demands and increasing resources. Organisations, specifically HEIs should know the opportunities that job crafting can provide. HEIs may, therefore, use interventions to foster employee job crafting behaviours.

Investigating the Predictors of Flourishing and Turnover Intention of Employees, Namibia

Editor Matanhire, Wesley Reginald Pieters

Abstract
Flourishing employees possess positive attributes that can enhance productivity in the workplace. It is important to create interventions to enhance flourishing as it may decrease work stress and turnover intention. During the Covid-19 pandemic, organisations required employees to execute more duties with fewer resources. This study investigated the effects of work stress on flourishing and turnover intention of employees at Nexus Group and the media industry, Namibia. A quantitative research approach, using an electronic questionnaire was used and the data were analysed using SPSS, applying Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis. Role ambiguity, workload and turnover intention predicted flourishing. Job insecurity, emotional and social well-being predicted turnover intention. The organisations can invest in supportive leadership, clear job descriptions and education thereof, and reassure employees about their future employment. Manageable workload requirements enhance flourishing- being regarded as eustress instead of distress. This study adds on to the existing literature on work stress, flourishing and turnover intention in Namibia.

The Integration of the IoT in an Incubator Business Framework: A Conceptual Review

Nonceba Ntoyanto-Tyatyantsi, Risimati Maurice Khosa, Tatenda Lincoln Chidau

Abstract
Business incubation is a crucial instrument for assuring the growth of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs), especially considering the rapidly evolving and noticeable trends in technology across the globe. The internet of things (IoT) is also gaining popularity in the commercial world on a global scale. However, evidence indicates that South African SMEs are trailing behind in the adoption of IoT technologies. To help SMEs expand, this conceptual paper aims to highlight the significance of incorporating IoT technology into incubators’ business environment. Thus, the current status of the business incubator system is investigated. The opportunities and difficulties of IoT technology in incubators are also covered. The paper is based on interpretive research that gathers data through a literature review. Based on the literature presented and reviewed, it is apparent that the world is aggressively moving towards a seamless IoT-transaction-driven model. As the world of technology evolves, incubation programmes have to incorporate Industry 4.0 technologies to be able to compete in the global markets. Thus, this paper concludes that enterprises and government should embrace the use of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics and IoT if they do not want to be left behind. The study sets a research agenda for the future on how IoT integration affects SMEs’ development, expansion and economic growth.

Bricolage as an Entrepreneurial Process of Innovation: A Case Study of Bicycle-Based Delivery Service in Townships

Tumo Paulus Kele, Dennis Yao Dzansi

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to gain insight into the utilization of bricolage as a method of innovation within resource-scarce environments, specifically focusing on the context of limited delivery services. Previous entrepreneurship studies have underscored the importance of bricolage, particularly in emerging markets, as a means to mobilize resources. However, there has been a notable absence of attention given to bricolage within the South African small and medium-sized entrepreneur context, particularly in relation to delivery services and constraints brought by it.
To address this research gap, the study examines the innovation processes of a young entrepreneur who creatively utilized bicycles for delivery services. Several bricolage aspects are identified in this investigation, including the entrepreneurial mindset and age of the entrepreneurs, resourcefulness in the face of limited resources, and improvisation as a means of venture creation.
By analysing these case studies, this research contributes empirical evidence that sheds light on the utilization of bricolage throughout various stages of the innovation process. The findings of this study make a contribution to the ongoing discussion surrounding the scarcity of delivery services in township areas and the role of youth entrepreneurship within a developing market.

The Complexities of Family Involvement in Successor Selection: Insights from South African Family-Owned Small Businesses

Risimati Maurice Khosa, Tiyani Pamela Baadjie, Tatenda Lincoln Chidau

Abstract
Family businesses play a crucial role in South Africa, holding significant economic and social importance. Many multinational companies in existence today started out as family businesses. Nevertheless, studies often focus on patriarchal succession views, leading to discrimination within family businesses. This study sought to investigate the drawbacks of family involvement in choosing a successor for family-owned businesses.
The study highlights the importance of effective governance practices and long-term planning for suitable succession. It utilises a systems-theory perspective to analyse the interaction between the family and business subsystems. A descriptive quantitative research design was used to conduct this research. The study’s 257 participants were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling techniques. A survey was distributed via SurveyMonkey to collect primary data. The study highlights that family businesses often face disagreements and conflicts during succession planning. The preference for bloodline over merit can lead to unsuitable successors being appointed, and the qualifications of family members are sometimes disregarded in the selection process. Gender bias is a notable concern, and family predecessors may choose successors they can control, showing reluctance to give up power. These factors pose significant challenges in effective succession planning within family businesses.

Enabling Framework for Women Entrepreneurial Success in Low-Cost Housing Construction Projects in the North West Province, South Africa

Josy Scholtz, Yvonne du Plessis

Abstract
Women business owners in the construction industry are seldom able to develop from emerging status to sustainable entrepreneurs who can compete with established construction companies. This paper surfaces the enablers women business owners in low-cost housing projects utilised to build and grow sustainable construction companies. An interpretivist-constructivist philosophy was applied during this study seeking solutions from the real world where knowledge is influenced by people within a specified context. This philosophical stance is subjective in nature.
The primary data were collected from 10 voluntary and purposively selected participants (successful women business owners) who provided their work-life experiences and reflected on the deeper meaning of enablers of women business owners in the real world of the construction industry in a developing country context. The same data were inductively organised into themes. Comparative and iterative analysis by means of open, axial and selective coding resulted in twelve (12) enabling themes, which provided the thematic base comprising foundational, operational and external factors for the development of an enabling framework as was the main objective of this study. This study adds value in the general domain of gender equity in business and construction project management. The thematic framework emphasises the barriers and the enablers relating to success as experienced by women entrepreneurs in construction.

Exploring the Role of Social Entrepreneurship in the Economic Development of the North West Province, South Africa

Stephan van der Merwe, Tshegofatso Manoto

Abstract
Social entrepreneurship has become a popular topic of interest across the world. Social enterprises are different from traditional enterprises because they can create products and services to benefit society and create opportunities for the less fortunate. However, social entrepreneurship in South Africa is still in its infancy by scope, support, and size. In a country facing chronic unemployment, short of skills and education, and a mixed economy, the study presents a perspective on social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyses social change and satisfies crucial social needs in a way that is not dominated by the entrepreneurs’ immediate financial gains.
Social entrepreneurship is distinguished form other forms of entrepreneurship by the relative importance of increasing social value and development above obtaining economic gain. The authors offer the idea of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical viewpoints for studying social entrepreneurship to drive future research. The study pursued a qualitative research method with a descriptive research strategy.

Critical Soft Skills South African Female Entrepreneurs Require for Business Success

Johann Landsberg, Verona Leendertz, Stephan van der Merwe

Abstract
The South African economy is under pressure with low growth and high unemployment. An increase in entrepreneurial activity can act as a catalyst for economic growth and employment. Female entrepreneurs still lag behind male entrepreneurs. In the past decade, the interest in female entrepreneurs has increased, and the ratio between female and male entrepreneurs is improving yearly, even though female entrepreneurs face unique challenges. This study explores the critical soft skills female entrepreneurs in South Africa need to succeed in business. The qualitative study collected data via semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions and analysed through coding with Atlas. ti 9 ™. The results suggest that South African female entrepreneurs have specific soft skills training needs, and entrepreneurial education programmes should be customised to address these needs. The government and the Department of Education should encourage entrepreneurship education from a young age and promote customised and gender-equal entrepreneurship education.

Exploring The Influence of The Covid-19 Pandemic on SMEs in Gauteng, South Africa

Stephan van der Merwe, Chenge Rabonda

Abstract
The South African government acknowledges SMEs as a catalyst for economic growth and job creation. However, SMEs in Gauteng cannot sustain themselves in the current environment due to the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. The economy has experienced a downturn, affecting the population’s living standards. Poverty, inequality, and unemployment are all rising, a trend made worse by the Covid-19 pandemic and its economic effects. The study aims to explore the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on SMEs in Gauteng, South Africa. The four secondary objectives contribute to the achievement of the fundamental objectives.
The literature review provided the necessary context for conducting the empirical investigation on the influence of Covid-19 on SMEs. The study employs a qualitative research methodology with an exploratory research approach. Data from 10 participants were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. Four themes were established through the qualitative interview, with eight sub-themes emerging from the main themes. The study concluded with a summary of key findings and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs in Gauteng. The study also suggested future studies that can build on this one.

The Role of Marketplaces in the Sustainability of Micro Enterprises

Thato Moagi, Cashandra Mara, Peta Thomas

Abstract
This research proposes the influences at work in an ecosystem of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) representing their goods and services for sale to customers in a physical marketplace, with specific reference to micro businesses such as street vendors and stallholders.
The form of a desk literature review of peer-reviewed academic articles, conference papers, textbooks, and other literature from reliable resources, such as the websites of governments and global organisations was followed. An inductive approach using thematic analysis was employed.
The findings highlight influences that act for the sustainability of the symbiotic ecosystem relationship of a marketplace and its businesses. We argue that understanding the behaviour of these influences leads to the ability to manipulate them to support small business viability.
The recommendations made will be useful in informing managerial and policy guidelines on the role of governments and parastatals in the development of physical marketplaces for entrepreneurial opportunity.
Governments in every country, especially developing countries such as South Africa, need to fully understand the role in the economy of marketplaces and their SMMEs established by entrepreneurs because this assists in understanding the contributions to economic sustainability these ecosystems can make to the people working within them.

The Entrepreneurial Willingness of Social Grant Recipients

Angelica Van Dou, Letty Mahlangu, Jurie Van Vuuren, Clint Davies

Abstract
Over 18,4 million social grants are paid in South Africa (SA) annually, simultaneously there was a below-average total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) rate of 10.96 during 2017-2018. The study set out to establish if social grant recipients are willing to start businesses, thereby developing better solutions to unemployment and social insecurity in the country.
The study utilized data (quantitative survey by means of personal interviews) from a sample of 725 social grant recipient respondents. Descriptive, and inferential tests were conducted using Pearson correlation, analysis of variance and the Tukey hsd test, to find statistically significant support for the hypotheses around entrepreneurial willingness amongst the sample. The sample displayed entrepreneurial willingness, with no difference between gender and education, but older social grant recipients were statistically significantly more entrepreneurially willing.
Insights reveal how entrepreneurial willingness is key in lessening grant dependency and increasing TEA. Dicksson’s (1989) seminal psychological influence model, form the study’s theoretical base of the push-and-pull theory of entrepreneurial willingness, which couples with the seminal work of McClelland (1961) on entrepreneurial motivation theory. These theories buttress the study conclusions that grant recipients who are supported to have positive expectations from entrepreneurial activity, will indeed start a business and stop receiving grants.

The Integration of the IoT in an Incubator Business Framework: A Conceptual Review

Nonceba Ntoyanto-Tyatyantsi, Risimati Maurice Khosa, Tatenda Lincoln Chidau

Abstract
Business incubation is a crucial instrument for assuring the growth of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs), especially considering the rapidly evolving and noticeable trends in technology across the globe. The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining popularity in the commercial world on a global scale. Evidence, however, indicates that SMEs are trailing behind in the adoption of IoT technologies. To help SMEs expand, this conceptual paper aimed to highlight the significance of incorporating IoT technology into the incubator’s business environment. Thus, status of the business incubator system is investigated in the paper. The opportunities and difficulties of IoT technology in incubators are also covered. The paper is based on interpretive research that gathers data through a literature review. Based on the literature presented and reviewed, it is apparent that the world is aggressively moving towards a seamless IoT transaction driven model. As the world of technology evolved, the incubation programme has to incorporate Industry 4.0 technologies to be able to compete in the global markets. Thus, this paper concludes that enterprises and government should embrace the use of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, IoT, etc. if they do not want to be left behind. The study sets a research agenda for the future on how IoT integration affects SMEs’ development, expansion and economic growth.

Social Injustices and its Impact on Entrepreneurship

Masimbonge Mkhwanazi, Andrisha Beharry-Ramraj

Abstract
Entrepreneurship is a critical component of economic growth and a strategy to combat unemployment. Entrepreneurship may be a source of inner satisfaction and fulfilment, inspiring entrepreneurs to persevere in seemingly impossible endeavours and serve as a positive force in society. Social injustice is a transgression of morality. One of the main factors preventing women from entering the world of entrepreneurship and starting their businesses is gender discrimination. This study is on social injustices and their effects on entrepreneurship. However, it will focus on gender discrimination and its impact on women entrepreneurs. The research for the study is a systematic review. It will review and analyse literature from previous studies. The study will examine five documents. The main results from the literature revealed that gender discrimination against women hinders women from receiving funds, discourages women from becoming entrepreneurs, results in women not recognising great opportunities that will lead to business success and hinders women from connecting with other entrepreneurs in their industry. Governments, policymakers, and organisations should pay attention to women entrepreneurs’ issues. Funding requirements that restrict women’s access should be revisited. Future research can focus on the gender injustices that impact women entrepreneurs in South Africa.

Entrepreneurship Education: Analysing Factors Contributing to Human Capital Effectiveness for Entrepreneurial Practice

Arvid Muzanenhamo, Edward Rankhumise

Abstract
Entrepreneurship Education is a solution for reducing unemployment caused by the global economic crisis in many nations. However, in order to improve entrepreneurship education, universities should play a vital role in creating strong self-efficacy in students for effective initiation of entrepreneurial businesses. The study aims to provide learning approaches that can effectively create entrepreneurs among university students after the completion of their studies. Many university students who are exposed to entrepreneurship education have not been able to start their own businesses after school, yet the main idea of this concept is to create entrepreneurs and reduce unemployment. In order to achieve the objective of the study, this paper used a review of the literature.
The findings of this study revealed that creativity, empowerment of students and students’ exposure to practical exercises are suitable for creating students’ strong self-efficacy for creating of own businesses. The findings of this study are valuable for empirical research in a particular setting and strengthen the body of knowledge on the effective approaches to creating future entrepreneurs.

An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Detective Internal Control for Small Business Entrepreneurs in Mpumalanga, South Africa

Victoria Reneiloe Marule and Portia Pearl Siyanda Sifolo

Abstract
Detective internal controls usually foster compliance among small businesses and are the second line of defence to identify errors, theft, or omission that the preventive controls failed to block. They provide a holistic technical view that safeguards and protects the assets of small businesses. However, failure to isolate small businesses’ unique risks harms the detective internal controls as they are neglected. Use of qualitative method through semi-structured interviews among 12 small business entrepreneurs in Mpumalanga, South Africa. MAXQDA 2022 was used to analyse data. The results revealed that small businesses were reluctant to participate due to their concerns about the information being gathered. Moreover, small business entrepreneurs indicated a lack of technical and conceptual business management skills as prohibitors to implementing internal detective controls. Nevertheless, due to resource constraints and volatile employee dynamics, small business entrepreneurs must commit to competence.

Exploring Small Business Owners’ Perceptions of Equitable Workplace Practices in a Selected Area within Gauteng

Fhatuwani Joseph Ligege, Yvonne du Plessis

Abstract
The UN Agenda 2030 sustainability goals 5 and 10 and the South African Labour Law prioritise gender equality and equity in the workplace. The absence of equitable workplace practices in South Africa is often assumed in small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which denies employees basic rights, respect, dignity, and social justice. This study explored small business owners’ perceptions of equitable workplace practices within a selected area in Gauteng. An interpretivist philosophy and a qualitative cross-sectional research design were employed. Non-probability, purposive, and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the sample group, of which ten small business owners voluntarily participated. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data, data transcripts were thematically analysed, and ethical conduct was observed. Findings show that small business owners in the catering and accommodation industry know about employment equity and requisite practices in the workplace. Unfortunately, numerous challenges hinder them from implementing equitable workplace practices as required by especially SA labour law. These challenges include focusing on business profitability and sustainability and not on people, struggling with gender roles and capabilities, lacking adequate resources and limited in-house expertise. Most participants felt ill-prepared to implement equitable workplace practices and feared disputes. Small business owners expressed a critical need for specific training and development in employment equity practices. Study limitations and future research are also outlined.

Gender and Students’ Personal Attitude to Start a Farming Business: The Moderation Role of Family Business Status and Area Raised

Mbulaheni Mavhungu

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between gender and agriculture students’ personal attitudes to start a farming business. Also, the moderating effect of family business status and the area raised on the relationship was determined. An estimated 3,486 students were enrolled for various agriculture-related qualifications in various institutions of higher learning in South Africa when this cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out. Data from 421 agricultural students were collected through a Prospective Farmers Profile Questionnaire at six institutions of higher learning in the country. The study revealed that gender has no significant influence on students’ personal attitudes to start a farming business. The findings further revealed that family business status and the area where agricultural students were raised do not moderate the relationship between gender and students’ personal attitudes to starting a farming business. The findings suggest that the construct cannot be regarded as useful for evaluating students’ personal attitudes to starting a business. Based on the research findings, the present study can be extended in several directions, e.g. students from Economics or Humanities faculties for further research to determine the influence of gender on the personal attitude of students to start a business in these fields.

Transgenerational Value Transmission: Socialisation Mechanisms in Indigenous African Business-Owning Families

Welcome Kupangwa, Shelley M. Farrington, Elmarie Venter

Abstract
Transgenerational value transmission (TVT) is a crucial ingredient for enhancing transgenerational entrepreneurship among business-owning families. Despite its importance, studies on values in family businesses reveal a limited understanding of how the next generation (NextGen) learn values from the senior generation family members. Our study aims to increase this understanding in the context of indigenous African business-owning families. More specifically, our objective is to explore the socialisation mechanisms used in transmitting values from one generation to the next in these families. Using 17 participants from seven cases, the results indicate that parents and extended senior family members are socialisation agents, and both parental and family practices are used as socialisation mechanisms to facilitate TVT in indigenous Black South African business-owning families. This study contributes to the family business literature concerning socialisation and TVT, and by doing so, we advance the scholarly understanding of socialisation theory in an indigenous African context. Indigenous African business-owning families could use the findings from our study to enhance the growth and survival of their businesses, as well as their entrepreneurial legacies.

Factors influencing Family Business Succession Planning: Insights from South Africa

Victoria Adekomaya, Shepherd Dhliwayo, Edwin Bbenkele

Abstract
Family business succession planning is a critical process that ensures the smooth transition of leadership and ownership from one generation to the next. However, the factors that influence successful succession planning can vary across different countries and cultural contexts. In the South African context, family businesses face unique challenges and opportunities that necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing family business succession planning. This study investigates and identify these factors in order to get insights that would guides family businesses in South Africa towards successful succession planning. The research addresses the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the specific factors that influence succession planning in the South African context. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing knowledge on family business succession planning and enable family businesses in South Africa to navigate the complexities of succession planning effectively, ensuring the long-term sustainability and success of these enterprises. The findings of this study can help South African family businesses proactively address the challenges of succession planning and create a smoother transition of leadership across generations. By ensuring the continuity and success of these enterprises, the study can have a positive impact on both the families involved and the broader South African economy.

The Influence of Infrastructure on the Organisational Performance of Informal Sector SMEs

Petronella Jonck

Abstract
Small and medium size entities (SMEs) play a pivotal role in the economy contributing to gross domestic product, reducing unemployment and stimulating entrepreneurial activities. Especially informal sector SMEs since it is assumed that the informal sector absorbs surplus employees from the formal sector. The purpose of the research was to investigate the impact of infrastructure considering electricity, water supply and sanitation facilities on the organisational performance of informal sector SMEs. The rationale for the study is premised on the supposition that the external business environment subsuming infrastructure is a functional prerequisite to encourage entrepreneurship and stimulate economic growth.
A quantitative research methodology based on secondary data obtained from Statistics South Africa was implemented. Statistical analyses were performed on a sample comprising of 1658 participants. The statistical model was tested using a pluralistic approach consisting of correlation analysis, structural equation modelling and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that water and sanitation facilities statistically significantly affected annual turnover and debt negatively. Electricity or power supply did not yield a statistically significant result, however 68.4% of the sample indicated access to power supply. A forestated could be used in future as a comparison point to determine the impact of loadshedding on SME performance.

Exploring The Role of Entrepreneurial Networking in Female Entrepreneurial Growth

Johann Landsberg, Ketlareng Polori, Stephan van der Merwe

Abstract
While the World Bank ranks South Africa at the top of the list concerning the growth of female entrepreneurs worldwide in 2019, it seems females are still in the minority regarding networking and running a business. This study explores the role of entrepreneurial networking in female entrepreneurial growth. The study employs a qualitative approach, drawing on eight purposive sampled high-profile female entrepreneurs in South Africa. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed through coding and categorisation using the thematic analysis approach. The results suggest that although networking assists with financial, moral, and other material supports, most female entrepreneurs in South Africa are not aware of such networks. Hence, they are finding it difficult to improve their business performance. The study recommended that the Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (Dtic) and other stakeholders should continue working and encouraging South African female entrepreneurs to join and actively participate in entrepreneurial networks. This research contributes to the body of knowledge on female entrepreneurs in South Arica. This study has implications for building relationships for networking, as it is an excellent link for opening doors for business opportunities, growth and running a successful business.

University Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Role of Gender, Extra-Curricular Activities and Government Support

Wimbayi Chasaya, Maxwell A. Phiri

Abstract
Entrepreneurship education has been identified across literature as a significant determinant of entrepreneurial intentions. However, formal or classroom entrepreneurship education is insufficient to effectively influence students’ entrepreneurship intentions. Ratten and Usmanij (2021) argued that entrepreneurship education is highly dependant on experience-based learning and industry connections. It is therefore probable that extra-curricular entrepreneurship activities enhance students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the South African Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions of access to finance, government entrepreneurial programmes and government policies, support and relevance scored below 5 in a 2021 survey, therefore, there is need to research and implement corrective strategies. This study sought to investigate the influence of extra-curricular entrepreneurship activities, government support and gender on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The study adopted a cross-sectional quantitative research approach. Data was collected from 197 undergraduate entrepreneurship students from two public universities in Durban, South Africa. The findings revealed that extra-curricular entrepreneurship programmes and government support have a significant positive influence on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The researchers recommend the integration of formal entrepreneurship education with seminars, conferences, guest speakers and industry networks. Furthermore, governments should intensify entrepreneurship support programmes for young people, conduct awareness campaigns and establish strong networks with higher education institutions.

Why Growth Eludes Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in a South African Township?

Joseph. N Lekunze, Penelope N O Moloi

Abstract
Despite establishing the economic importance of SMEs to the township economy, the inability of small businesses to grow into medium or large businesses, coupled with their high failure rate is cause for concern. The study seeks to answer the question “Why growth eludes Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in a South African Township? The study took a qualitative approach and conducted interviews with business owners using a semi-structured interview guide. Purposive and convenient sampling processes were followed and 14 participants were interviewed after saturation was reached at 12. Using the summation approach. findings revealed that 57% of the participants studied beyond grade 12 while 71% of the participants were employed before starting a business, compared to 7% of the business owners who were self-employed from the onset. This finding was further confirmed with 86% of participants deliberately venturing into entrepreneurship as a career compared to 14% as a necessity or unemployment. This study has found that though the internal and external environment can be a hindrance to SME growth in townships, explanations from business owners are that individual business owners’ vision for growth plays a significant role in the stagnation and failure rate of an SME. Given that SMEs are the main drivers for economic development, financial and non-financial support from government institutions were found to be an important determinant for ensuring growth in the SME sector which in turn may address issues of business growth, unemployment, and poverty.

Assessment of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Compliance in Enterprise and Supplier Development Through the Capability Approach

Ndovhatshinyani Mandavha, Brownhilder Neneh

Abstract
The South African government introduced the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) policy to drive empowerment and transformation to redress the past imbalances created by the apartheid government. This study assessed compliance in implementing the B-BBEE enterprise and supplier development through the capability approach, providing the perceptions and experiences of the government, corporates and Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs). The study applied the convergence parallel mixed methods research design. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the qualitative data from two government officials in the Gauteng province and 20 participants from corporates in the manufacturing industry. A survey was used to collect the quantitative data from 401 SMMEs operating in manufacturing. The findings show that the government was cognisant that the implementation of the B−BBEE enterprise and supplier development would face challenges, such as resistance by corporates to open the market for SMMEs as well as the readiness and capability of SMMEs to take advantage of the enterprise and supplier development opportunities. Corporates indicated that they were B−BBEE compliant with enterprise and supplier development and cited challenges such as no consequences for SMMEs which abandon the program, and the lack of resources. However, the majority of SMMEs indicated that they had not benefited from enterprise and supplier development.

Family-Work Conflict and Performance of Women-Owned Businesses: The Role of Work-Family Centrality

Dapula Chumasande, Brownhilder Neneh

Abstract
The decision to start and run a business may generate positive and negative effects on the women entrepreneur’s ability to balance their work and family life, which can adversely affect their performance. As a result, women entrepreneurs make decisions based on the level of importance they ascribe to their work and family roles. While research has examined the antecedents and consequences of family-work conflict (FWC), limited attention has been placed on the specific role that work-family centrality plays in moderating the relationship between FWC and performance. Using a sample of 343 women entrepreneurs in the Free State from the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba ‘Nchu) in South Africa, this study examined the moderating role of work-family centrality on the relationship between FWC and the performance of women-owned businesses. The results indicate that work family centrality moderates the relationship between FWC and performance such that women entrepreneurs with high work family centrality will perform better regardless of the FWC they experience. This study culminates with possible managerial and policy implications aimed at fostering the performance of women-owned businesses.

The Development of Innovation Products and Services in the Financial Services in Namibia: An Exploratory Study

Wendy Mutabelezi, Tebogo Sethibe

Abstract
Innovation processes have become essential for gaining competitiveness and success in companies. With the study reported here, we explored innovation, considering the stages of the innovation process in developing products/services. The study aimed to examine how products/services are developed. A qualitative methodology was used to gather information from the participants concerning the development of products/services. We selected a sample of 15 senior managers of banks and insurance companies in Namibia. An interview guide was used for data collection. Thematic data analysis was adopted as an appropriate method for data analysis.
The study results revealed that banks and insurance companies did not follow the linear stages of the innovation process when developing products/services. The findings suggest a need to formalise the innovation process, starting with idea generation and ending with implementation. The results of this study provide researchers and practitioners in the banking and insurance sector with a clear indication of the benefits of formalising the innovation process and inform them of the possible shortcomings of not adhering to the four stages of that process.

The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence (CQ) and Student Engagement in the Training of Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) Owners in an Emerging Market

Mr Bonus Steenkamp, Dr Marietjie Theron-Wepener

Abstract
Understanding how culture impacts the engagement of owners of micro and small enterprise (MSE) during training may assist facilitators to remove barriers to engagement, increasing training completion rates. It is not clear from the existing literature what effect culture could have on student engagement in the multicultural context of MSE owner training in South Africa. However, studies have shown a correlation between the profitability and sustainability of MSEs in emerging markets and the success of MSE owner training programmes. In this qualitative exploratory study rich data was collected through semi-structured interviews to explore cultural factors that led to student engagement. The interviewees were ten MSE owners from various cultural backgrounds who had completed business training less than two years prior to the interviews. The findings showed that clear cultural engagement guidelines, cultural conflict preclusion, valued culture, cultural mentoring, cultural contextual storytelling, and a friendly, good-fellowship culture among students contributed to increased MSE owner student engagement. Cultural ignorance, cultural intolerance, an unwillingness to overcome cultural barriers, and a cultural dominance attitude negatively impacted students’ engagement.

Factors Limiting SME Growth: A Botswana Case Perspective

Godfrey Magodi, Olumide Jaiyeoba, Mornay Roberts-Lombard

Abstract
The study explores the factors influencing the growth potential of poultry small and medium-sized enterprises in Botswana’s Serowe-Palapye region. The study applied a quantitative research approach and a descriptive research design to explore the factors influencing the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises in the selected region of Botswana. This study sampled 177 poultry farmers in the Serowe-Palapye region, who were contacted physically and telephonically to collect data. Findings indicate that marketing abilities, entrepreneurial abilities, business administration abilities, access to finance, and legal constraints negatively influence the growth of poultry farms in the Serowe-Palapye region, while human resource practices positively influence the growth of poultry small and medium-sized enterprises. Deeper knowledge of the influence of human resource practices in the small and medium-sized enterprise poultry industry of Botswana’s Serowe-Palapye region can guide small and medium-sized enterprise owners/managers on how to better manage their enterprises’ financial stability through human resources deployment.

An Exploratory Study into the Impact of Non-financial Accessibility on Informal-sector Traders: a Case Study of the Umlazi community in South Africa

Nonkululeko Khumalo

Abstract
The current research sought to conduct an exploratory design study and examine the impact of non-financial accessibility on informal–sector traders of Umlazi to highlight the need for the local-government informal sector policy reform which can compel the financial sectors to improve granting of financial support. A qualitative research approach was deployed utilising a non-probability sampling frame and an appropriate sample size of ten participants from the various informal sector industries was interviewed. Research findings identified communication, training, policy monitoring, and discrimination as challenges that encumber local government developmental policies in supporting informal-sector traders to secure financial assistance. The research findings indicated a paradigm shift regarding financial institutions’ role in availing finance, policy review and reform, and proper facilitation of training and developmental business management skills as changes to be applied.

Bitcoin Adoption Intention, The Three Additional Contextual Variables – Hedonic Motivation, Price Value and Habit: The UTAUT2 Model

Steven Mbeya, Thabang Excellent Mofokeng

Abstract
E-retailers continue to introduce the use of Bitcoin cryptocurrency for e-commerce purchases. They require understanding the factors influencing consumers’ behavioural intentions to adopt Bitcoin cryptocurrency. This paper makes a new contribution to the study area that entails Venkatesh et al. (2012) extended UTAUT measuring the additional three contextual variables – hedonic motivation (HM), price value (PV) and habit, thus creating the UTAUT2 model. Further, the moderating effect of social influence was tested in the theoretical framework. An online survey recruited a convenient sample of 200 consumers of online retailers in South Africa. Upon processing data into AMOS 28 for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the results show that hedonic motivation (HM) and habit (H) have a significant positive impact on consumers’ behavioural intentions to use Bitcoin for e-commerce. Surprisingly, price value (PV) did not significantly impact behavioural intentions to use Bitcoin for e-commerce. Nevertheless, the effects of hedonic motivation and habit on the behavioural intentions of Bitcoin users were not significantly moderated by social influence as was expected. The study offers theoretical and practical implications for understanding consumers’ behavioural intentions to use Bitcoin cryptocurrency in the e-commerce industry.

An Analysis of the Effect of the Intermittent Supply of Electricity to Consumers in The North West Province, South Africa

B.P. Jele, J.J. Prinsloo & T. Tebejane

Abstract
Electricity is one of the contributions that has impacted the lives of everyone in the country. It is an essential part of modern technology; however, the inconsistency of electricity supply becomes a challenge to consumers and the country. It is, therefore, essential to ensure that electricity is always provided consistently in all parts of the country.
The research study specifically focused on two geographical areas of the north west province, Brits and Maboloka, and a qualitative approach was used to examine the unavailability of electricity in these two areas.
Based on the outcome of the study, the following themes emerged:
•To upgrade its infrastructure, specifically the old power stations, to improve the electricity supply.
•Consider partnering with private service providers to supplement its power supply. In so doing, Eskom should consider opening up to other players with the financial capacity to contribute to power generation.
•Provision of training to personnel to better run the entity’s affairs to minimize disruptions.

Utilising Dynamic Capabilities to Develop a Competitive Advantage in the Zimbabwean Pharmaceutical Sector under Hyperinflation

John Nhari, Teresa Carmichael

Abstract
This research is a qualitative exploration of dynamic capabilities’ influence on competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector in an emerging market with hyperinflation. The rising global demand for effective healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries, makes it necessary to enquire about the competitiveness of pharmaceutical manufacturers who deliver essential medicines to the nation. An interpretive research paradigm was adopted to explore utilising dynamic capabilities for competitive advantage in pharmaceutical firms. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sample of twelve industry experts and then thematically analysed.
The research revealed that the alignment of dynamic capabilities to competitive advantage is not a straitjacket but is regulated by the financial, regulatory, and market environments and hyperinflation. In these environments reside the individual deterrence of dynamic capabilities, leading to ineffective seizing of opportunities despite firms being able to sense and regenerate their capabilities. Industry recommendations are to prioritise resource allocations towards seizing opportunities while mindful of dynamic capability retardants hindering their efforts, for future researchers to focus on the weighted contribution of each capability to determine those giving greater competitive advantage returns, and to the government to introduce quotas and rebates for public medicine manufacturing.

Factors Influencing Cell Phone Insurance Uptake Among Young Adults

Neo Ligaraba, Andrew Cawood, R. J. Liebenberg, Pinkie Segodi

Abstract
Insurance plays a major role in the financial domain; it has a massive contribution to the economy and is essential for society. The study investigates the personal, social and marketing factors that influence purchase intention of cell phone insurance. Drawing upon the psychoanalytic theory and the theory of planned behaviour, the following constructs have been identified for the study: fear of missing out (FOMO), price, risk, parental influence, peer influence, product quality, information, advertising, reliability and purchase intention. Survey data gathered from 251 young adults was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to test the research hypotheses in a structural equation model. The empirical findings revealed that FOMO, peer influence, and reliability have a positive influence on purchase intention of cell phone insurance. It can be concluded that the study provides insurance marketers with insightful information into how cell phone insurance products can be modified and marketed. Further research is recommended to evaluate the building steps in detail, leading up to the actual understanding of cell phone insurance products to the consumer.

Examining the Role of Mobile Marketing in Overcoming Hesitancy towards the COVID-19 Vaccine in South Africa

Philile Thusi

Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccine has completely altered individuals’ lives financially and mentally. The emergence of the global COVID-19 pandemic encouraged the entrance of COVID-19 vaccines into the South African market. Hence, this study aims to examine the role of mobile marketing in promoting acceptance and overcoming hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine in South Africa through the lens of innovation resistance theory. A total of 424 responses were obtained from South African consumers. Quantitative research was the chosen research method, with a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The questionnaires were distributed online via Google Forms, which were processed and analysed using SPSS and structural equation modelling.
The study demonstrated that perceived risk and mobile marketing have positive significant relationships with innovation resistance, while trust has a negative influence on innovation resistance. The study’s findings are significant to the healthcare industry in South Africa and can be used as the basis to develop strategies to promote vaccines and overcome resistance.

Validating a Brand Equity Model for Smart Wearable Brands

Re-an Müller, Chantel Muller

Abstract
Smart wearable devices enable consumers to monitor their health and activity levels. They can track blood-oxygen levels, temperature, and heart rate data, gaining further significance during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The rising popularity of these devices has led to intensified competition among smart wearable brands, necessitating strategic differentiation.
South Africa is a prominent market for smart wearable brands. Brand equity perceptions can be a key differentiating factor in this competitive landscape. There is limited academic research regarding the brand equity of smart wearable brands, particularly in the South African context. This study aims to validate a consumer-based brand equity model for smart wearable devices among South African consumers. Data were collected from 487 South African respondents aged 18-56 using a computer-administered online survey guided by a descriptive research design.
The findings have several theoretical and managerial implications. This study was the first to validate a smart wearable brand equity model comprising the four specific consumer-based brand equity factors: brand awareness, brand associations, quality perceptions and brand loyalty. These results enable smart wearable brands to rethink and optimise their branding strategy and identify areas of improvement to boost their consumer-based brand equity in South Africa and beyond.

Content Marketing Best Practices in the Digital Age: A South African Perspective

Melainey Mpofu, Geoffrey Bick, Teresa Carmichael

Abstract
The mass adoption of the internet and the leaps in technology over the past three decades have required marketers to adapt and respond to the developments in interacting with customers through digital marketing. Because of this rapidly changing environment, this study aimed to determine what constitutes Content Marketing (CM) best practices in the digital age as perceived by South African marketing professionals.
A qualitative approach consisting of in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of twenty industry experts in the field of content marketing in South Africa was taken. The data were content analysed to identify the main themes as they aligned with the B.E.S.T. framework for CM practices.
The findings identified that the best practices were initiating behavioural responses, delivering essential content, incorporating a strategic approach to CM, formulating targeted content, and ensuring the measurability of CM. In addition, CM tactics employed by marketing professionals were highlighted, and the critical factors for successful CM were determined. Practical insights are offered for further development of CM in a South African context.
The application of Social Exchange Theory was pertinent in emphasising how content marketing can be utilised to engage consumers and trigger socially relevant responses.

Validating a Structural Model to Evaluate Purchase Intentions of Green Beauty Products in South Africa

Costa Synodinos, Danelle Fourie

Abstract
In recent years, the beauty industry has witnessed a notable shift driven by the increasing environmental consciousness among consumers, impacting their purchase decisions for beauty products. Consumers now seek products that not only enhance their appearance but also align with their values of environmental responsibility and sustainability. Establishing a trustworthy brand is crucial for the success of green beauty products in this changing landscape. The specific problem addressed in this study is the extent to which factors such as materialism, self-enhancement, self-transcendence and attitude towards beauty products influence purchase intentions in the South African context. To investigate this, a descriptive research design employing a single cross-sectional sampling approach was employed. Research company IPSOS was enlisted to gather responses from 500 consumers.
The results of the study reveal that materialism and self-transcendence have a significantly positive influence on attitude. Furthermore, attitude displayed a significant positive influence towards South African consumers’ purchase intention of green beauty products. Interestingly, self-enhancement showed a negative influence towards attitudes toward green beauty products. Consequently, strategies should be directed towards showcasing the aesthetic value of green beauty products as well as creating positive attitudinal perceptions in order to promote purchase intention. By doing this, organisations can achieve higher customer sales and grow their customer base.

Customer Value Propositions and Retirement Accommodation Offerings: An Exploratory Study

Adele Berndt, Sumari Tesnear

Abstract
Extensive research into CVPs has been conducted in industries but in the case of the leisure and retirement context, research has been limited to the perceptions of CVP by retirees purchasing retirement housing. Similarly, in the past decade, the retirement village accommodation market has been flourishing. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to explore the customer value propositions of retirement accommodation in South Africa, and specific value-delivering dimensions offered by the retirement facilities to retirees during their later life. This research was approached from an interpretivist paradigm. Due to the study’s exploratory nature, text-based data were collected from a senior citizens accommodation website providing information on retirement accommodation. Use was made of a combination of quantitative and qualitative content analysis to interpret the text on these websites.
The propositions contain specific aspects (e.g., medical and security services, leisure services) which are deemed to be of relevance to a specific target group. It is important that the CVP reflect the values and preferences of customers, requiring facility management to have a clear understanding of retirees’ needs. Not satisfying these needs can result in negative word-of-mouth and dissatisfaction among the residents.

Mind the Gap: Exploring the Sought-After Intelligences of Marketing Graduates

Edward Gillmore, Adele Berndt, Nobukhosi Dlodlo, Elmarie Strydom

Abstract
In higher education settings, teaching usually encourages the interactions of different intelligences in two ways: within the student and across students. This misses the market actor contribution (industry) that have awareness of current demands of intelligences to interact with students. Be that as it may, an overall gap exists between the skills expressed by employers in South Africa and the expression of interest of employers for any form of graduate intelligence. The purpose of the study is to draw from Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory (Gardner, 1993) to understand the relationship between the acquisition of traditional skills and professional attributes, including how this can facilitate the inception of an intelligence-set framework relevant for Marketing graduates. An inductive approach was followed. Data were collected from two leading online recruitment sites that advertise marketing jobs across South Africa. Job announcements were analysed by applying qualitative content analysis, using NVivo. The themes identified are intellectual intelligence, emotional intelligence, social intelligence and communication intelligence. Listening, interpersonal and communication skills have the highest influence on the employability of marketing graduates. For the best result for employers, it is recommended that recruitment of marketing graduates makes clearer specifications between traditional skills and intelligences that they require. Furthermore, the skill and intelligences gaps identified in this study may help business schools to revise and improve the curriculum of specialised marketing programs to be aligned with the needs of the marketing industry.

Validating a perceptual framework of physical eSports participation intentions

Chantel Muller, Anita Lennox

Abstract
The eSports market is expected to generate $1.87 billion in global revenue for 2023 and was recognised as an official Olympic-level sport in the same year. This market will likely expand even further given the rapid growth of physical eSports, which includes, among others, virtual cycling, dancing and taekwondo – electronic sports requiring physical bodily movement from the user to play a virtual game. Despite this imminent success, there is a dearth of research investigating this topic, specifically consumers’ perceptions and behaviour. As a departure point, this study was the first to clarify the concept of physical eSports, provide insights into South African consumers’ perceptions and validated a perceptual framework to predict adoption intentions. A descriptive research design and cross-sectional approach were followed, where a purposive non-probability sample was targeted. Data were collected via a computer-administered survey and the reported sample comprised 474 general South African adult consumers aged 18 to 56. Statistical analyses, executed using SPSS and AMOS V28, included descriptive statistics, significant tests, reliability and validity analyses and confirmatory factor analysis via a structural equation model. Academics, physical eSports software and equipment developers, resellers and marketing professionals can use this tool to understand consumers’ perceptions and possibly predict future adoption behaviour based on awareness, permanence, facilitating conditions, attitude and participation intentions. Subsequent implications and recommendations were provided.

Wisdom-Driven Budgeting: Examining the Impact of Consumer Wisdom on Budgeting-Related Efforts

Daniel K Maduku

Abstract
Governmental and other institutions interested in promoting a saving culture among consumers to meet their long-term financial needs should prioritise encouraging budget-related activities. Promoting consumer wisdom could be an effective approach to promote budgeting-related efforts, as it has been linked to positive market-related behaviours such as ethical consumer behaviour, voluntary simplicity, and socially responsible purchasing. However, existing research has not explored the relationship between consumer wisdom and budgeting-related efforts. To address this gap, this study examines how the dimensions of consumer wisdom predict efforts towards responsible budgeting. Using a quantitative methodology, data was collected through a survey administered to 567 South African consumers.
The measurement quality was validated, and hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that consumers who prioritise responsibility and purpose, exhibit high reasoning skills, and maintain a broader perspective are more likely to engage in effective budgeting practices. This study highlights the importance of promoting consumer wisdom to encourage responsible budgeting and provides insights for policymakers and institutions aiming to foster budgeting and saving culture among consumers.

Is the African National Congress (ANC) Living Up to Its Brand Promises? Evaluating Its Brand Equity Using Asker’s Brand Equity Framework

Chuma Diniso

Abstract
The African National Congress (ANC) brand has been in existence since 1912 and continues to be dominant in the South African political landscape. The party has won national elections since the country’s first democratic elections were held in 1994. However, in the last elections which took place in 2019, the party dipped under 60% for first time since 1994 and won the elections by 57.50%. Considering this decline and the fact that the ANC is competing with other political parties, this study aimed to evaluate the value of the ANC brand and identify factors that could be attributed to this drop in votes.
A narrative review method was adopted and twenty-two articles sourced from Google Scholar were analysed to determine the state of the ANC brand. The study revealed that the ANC brand is affected negatively by factors such as unemployment, poverty, inequality, protests and riots, unequal distribution of land among citizens, crime, inadequate housing, corruption and looting, unethical and immoral leaders, trust deficit, factional fights, and diminishing loyalty among the youth. This study provides a conceptual framework for political parties in general to grow and preserve their brand value among the voters.

The Effect of Electronic Word-Of-Mouth (eWOM) and Electronic Reputation (eReputation): An Online Shopping Application

Isolde Lubbe

Abstract
Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) is the digital heartbeat of online shopping, influencing consumer decisions based on shared experiences. This investigation evaluated the effect of eWOM on eReputation in the realm of mobile application-based shopping. It incorporated key marketing frameworks: relationship marketing, Social Exchange Theory (SET), and co-creation theory. The collected data highlighted the interplay between eWOM constructs and eReputation, and the moderating effect of review helpfulness on the relationship between valence and eReputation.
A total of 594 usable responses were analysed by using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis to predict the relationships between the eWOM independent variables and eReputation as the dependent variable. Valence had the strongest effect on eReputation, followed by content quality, degree of influence, and the moderating effect of review helpfulness on the relationship between valence and eReputation. The findings indicated a positive relationship between all of the tested hypotheses, and would equip mobile commerce stakeholders with valuable insights into the role of eWOM and eReputation, thus aiding an understanding of consumer behaviour.

The Effect of Quality, Price and Trust towards Consumers’ Green Beauty Product Loyalty

Costa Synodinos, Riané Dalziel

Abstract
Over recent years, a noticeable shift in the beauty industry has been observed as consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious which has altered their beauty product purchase decisions. Consumers are in search of products that enhance their appearance while aligning up with their sentiments of environmental responsibility and their values of sustainability. Creating a trustworthy brand is paramount to the success of green beauty products. The problem is identified as to what degree do the factors of price, quality and trust pose on consumer loyalty of green beauty products in the South African context. A descriptive research design using a single cross-sectional sampling approach was implemented to collect the data.
The research company IPSOS was employed to collect 500 consumer responses. The results indicate that quality perception, price perception and green trust significantly influence green beauty product loyalty of South African consumers. Perceived price influences consumers’ green beauty product loyalty to a greater extent than the perceived quality of a green beauty product. As such, strategies should be focused on emphasising both the price and quality of green beauty products. This will assist green beauty product retailers and brands to increase profits as they would generate loyal customers.

‘The Leaves have Fallen Off the Tree’: The Case of the FNB Rebrand

Christine De Meyer-Heydenrych

Abstract
South Africans quickly express their opinions on social media platforms such as Twitter. These opinions are often debated with others on social media. However, these opinions can also create unwarranted brand engagement and brand sentiment. In October 2022, FNB undertook a rebranding exercise by changing their logo of 35 years and changing features on their mobile application. The Twitter sphere went into overdrive with customers’ opinions about the rebranding. This study aims to determine customer sentiment and opinion about the rebrand. Understanding customer opinion and sentiment is necessary as it can assist the business in determining whether any brand damage has occurred or how to adjust the marketing strategy after a rebrand. ATLAS.ti was used to collect qualitative data through Social Network Analysis by collecting tweets about FNB’s new logo. Over 1 318 unique edges were analysed using Sentiment Analysis and opinion mining. Findings show that sentiment was mostly negative about the rebrand. The findings of this study are important as they could guide FNB in managing the negative sentiment and driving their marketing strategy towards the positive aspects of the rebrand to change customer sentiment.

Cultivating True Loyalty in an Emerging Market: Does Reward Timing Really Matter?

Naquita Maria-Jose Achadinha Fernandes, Devina Harry, Pierre Koekemoer

Abstract
Businesses often overlook the importance of reward timing in loyalty programs, especially in emerging-market retailers facing increasing customer switching. This study investigates local customer expectations regarding reward timing using a quantitative, cross-sectional approach. A survey completed by 222 active users of an African-based Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) retailer’s loyalty program (offering instant and delayed rewards) was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling and the Sobel test for mediation. Results indicate a preference for instant rewards over delayed ones. By focusing on the FMCG sector in growing emerging economies and applying Vroom’s expectancy theory in a non-managerial context, this study offers valuable insights into context-specific reward timing strategies and highlights the significance of expectation alignment.

The Impact of Perceived Complementarity on Customer Value and Satisfaction in Mobile Food-Ordering Apps

Ryan Lesetja Mathaba

Abstract
This study addresses the gap in research regarding the influence of perceived complementarity on customers’ perception of value and satisfaction with mobile food ordering apps. By integrating network effect theory, customer value, and expectancy confirmation theory, a conceptual model is proposed and tested to investigate how the perceived complementarity of mobile food ordering apps affects customers’ perception of value, specifically hedonic and utilitarian value, and how these factors, along with perceived complementarity, impact customer satisfaction. Data was collected from 385 customers who had previously used food-ordering apps online in Gauteng province, South Africa. Structural equation modelling using SmartPLS software was applied for data analysis.
The results reveal a negative impact of hedonic value on customer satisfaction with mobile food ordering apps. Conversely, a significant and positive relationship is found between perceived complementarity and both hedonic value and utilitarian value. Moreover, perceived complementarity and utilitarian value significantly and positively influence customer satisfaction with the apps. These findings emphasise the importance of perceived complementarity in the context of food-ordering apps. The implications of the study’s findings for improving customer satisfaction with the use of mobile food ordering apps are discussed.

Consumers’ Expectations, Emotions and Shopping Experiences During Deals: The Allure of Retailers’ Markdowns

Christine De Meyer-Heydenrych, Ilse Struweg

Abstract
South Africans actively seek out discounts and deals driven by economic hardships. While searching for deals, consumers still require a pleasurable shopping experience which retailers often neglect. This study aims to contribute to the literature by researching consumers’ expectations of the deals offered, the emotions they experience during the sale based on their expectations and the overall evaluation of the retailer once they have participated in the sale. Quantitative research using an online survey was utilised to collect data from 594 respondents. Using SEM, all hypotheses were accepted. Findings showed that customer expectations of the deal and retailer capabilities during the sale strongly predict positive emotions experienced, while retailer capabilities predict negative emotions during the sale. Positive emotions experienced strongly influenced the overall evaluation of the retailer and the deal. Retailers must ensure they have the capability and stock available as advertised and train employees to deal with consumers during a sale. Meeting consumer expectations during a sale will lead to positive emotions being experienced, which can drive a positive evaluation of the deal and retailer. This can drive customer satisfaction, loyalty, and profitability beyond only when sales are offered.

How Advertising Affects Women’s Choices in the Cosmetics Sector

Lebogang Saule

Abstract
The cosmetic and beauty industry is a significant sector across the globe even in a context of a developing country. Like most sectors, which do not sell essential goods or services, it was impacted by Covid-19. Literature suggests and confirms that advertising plays a critical role in the growth of the beauty and cosmetics industry, but limited research has been conducted since the era of the pandemic. The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between the forms of advertising (print, digital and broadcasting media) on consumer purchasing behaviour. This study intends to contribute to the gap in consumer behaviour literature in relation to the cosmetic and beauty industry by determining the influence of the forms of media within a developing economy setting.
A descriptive, cross-sectional and qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing a semi-structured interview guide as the chosen research instrument. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews, specifically targeting women residing in Pretoria. Screening questions pertaining to their involvement, such as frequency of makeup usage, were utilized during the interviews.
The results suggest that different forms of advertising influence the consumers’ behaviour at different points. A key finding is that digital media contributes significantly and was seen to be the most influential in causing consumers to make a final purchase. Recommendations for future research and managerial implications are provided.

The Buying Behaviour of Consumers in an Online Shopping Environment within the Sedibeng District of Gauteng

JM Mtimkhulu, JJ Prinsloo, Stephan van Zyl

Abstract
The spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) worldwide in the year 2019 invaded every society. The pandemic interrupted and changed human activities such as world trade, education, commerce and many others. In marketing, as is the case in most societal elements, these changes have triggered a shift towards online shopping. It is thus important for marketers to examine the effects that online shopping has on consumer-buying behaviour constantly. The aim of this paper is to examine the factors that influence the online shopping behaviour of customers in Sedibeng region. The paper explored the factors that bring about changes in consumer-buying behaviour, as well as why consumers prefer shopping online compared to visiting the physical store. An online survey was used to gather quantitative data from 383 respondents using the non-probability convenience sampling method, the majority of whom are females, who are experienced in an online shopping. Mean and standard deviation statistical tools were used on responses to test for significant mean differences between consumer-buying behaviour online and factors. The results confirm that there are significant differences among factors such as COVID-19 lockdown regulations, product delivery time, and social networks that consumers strongly consider as important in an online shopping environment. The implications of the research findings to marketers and businesses indicate the importance of understanding factors that influence consumer behaviour in an online shopping environment so that they can effectively plan in order to remain competitive.

An Exploratory Study of the Critical Factors Affecting the Adoption of Additive Manufacturing (3D printing) in South Africa

Roshan Bhurtha, Prof Geoffrey Bick

Abstract
The additive manufacturing (AM) industry, commonly known as 3D printing, is an integral part of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and has a growing international market. South African industries have adopted AM but are not exploiting its full potential. The aim of this study was to determine the critical factors affecting the adoption of AM in South Africa, the main role players in this industry and the drivers behind the adoption of this technology.
A qualitative approach was followed, which consisted of in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of eleven industry experts in the AM value chain in South Africa. The data were content analysed to identify the main themes, which were compared to the results of the literature review.
The critical factors in the adoption of AM in South Africa were identified as knowledge, external, financial, technical and market. The main role players affecting the AM industry are government institutions, commercial entities, RAPDASA, educational institutions and software developers. The drivers of AM in South Africa were identified as cost savings, the need to exploit South Africa’s significant Titanium reserves and the ability to protect local IP (Intellectual Property).
The theoretical contribution of the study was the application of the T-O-E (Technology-Organisation-Environment) framework, as well as the practical insights of a developing industry.

Success in Electronic Sports Marketing Communication: A Conceptual Paper

Freddy Marilahimbilu Mgiba

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic and technological development have disrupted the way people participate in sports. The advent of electronic sports partly addresses their need to participate in sports in the new environment. Their consumption behavior in electronic sports has created a need for closer academic scrutiny. The objectives of the study was to determine whether perceived ease of use of electronic sports technology can be the antecedent for both perceived control and motivation and whether these two can be antecedents of behavioral intentions for initial and continued participation.
Literature that applies the Technology acceptance model, Flow and User and gratification theories grounded the study. Journal articles within 7 years of publication in the areas of electronic sports provided the substantive portion of the study. The analysis of the articles on electronic sports followed the scientific literature analysis approach. The literature analysis through the lenses provided by the three grounding theories yielded a set of constructs whose relationships (research framework) provide a new way of viewing electronic sports consumption behavior. The findings promise a positive outlook for both academics and management.

The Role of Internal People in the Service Quality-Customer Satisfaction Link

Leigh De Bruin, Mornay Roberts-Lombard, Christine de Meyer-Heydenrych

Abstract
The study investigates internal people’s influence on employees’ perceived ability to secure service quality for external customers in the Islamic banking sector of Oman. Furthermore, the influence of perceived service quality on customer satisfaction is explored. Data were collected from respondents through online and in-person administered questionnaires, with 272 questionnaires collected and analysed through structural equation modelling. The results indicate the limited ability of Islamic bank leadership to empower employees and develop them through service skill development. Yet, employees perceive themselves as being able to deliver on external customers’ service needs through their current performance. The results inform Islamic banking leadership of the need to become more informed of internal marketing as an employee development strategy and to empower employees to better deliver on the service expectations of external customers. Through such an approach, the overall experience of customers with the banking brand can be enhanced. The study contributes to knowledge on internal marketing through an in-depth focus on internal people and their influence on service quality and customer satisfaction, especially since limited research on employee empowerment and its importance in the service quality-customer satisfaction chain has been explored in Oman, as a Middle Eastern emerging market.

Can Relationship Building Factors be Valuable in Patients’ Willingness to Forgive?

Hester Spies, Martin Botha

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether relationship building constructs can influence patients’ willingness to forgive transgressions. To respond to this research objective, this paper draws on the forgiveness motive theory, and synthesize important relationship constructs with the aim of developing a forgiveness model. A quantitative descriptive research design was followed to test the conceptual model using data collected from 303 private hospital patients, by applying structural equation modelling. Following the results of the structural equation model, it was established that selected relationship building factors (attachment, relationship value, expectations and fear of relationship loss) directly influenced loyalty and indirectly influenced forgiveness.
The results also indicate that respondents’ loyalty significantly influenced their forgiveness. This research study offers theoretical and practical contributions by advancing the existing knowledge of customer forgiveness, encouraging private hospitals to invest in their relationships with patients, with the aim of establishing a forgiving patient.

Analysing the Impact of Disruptive Events on the Performance of the Automotive Industry Sales in Gauteng, South Africa

TH Mqwathi, J.J. Prinsloo & T Pelser

Abstract
The South African Automotive Sector contributes significantly to the country’s economy and is linked to other financial and insurance sectors. This study aimed to examine the impact of disruptive events on the automotive sector’s sales performance. A qualitative research approach was applied to achieve the aim and objectives of this study. A critical literature review contributed to analyse and evaluate existing information concerning disruptive events. The empirical study was exploratory and descriptive and consisted of interviews with selected participants. The literature showed that, due to globalisation, disruptive events affect several global countries, regardless of whether the disruptive event is a pandemic caused by an infectious disease or an economic crisis. The automotive sector comprises various national and international industries co-dependency on manufacturing, assembling, supply chain, and sales. However, the literature shows that developing countries are more severely affected by disruptive events, compared to developed countries. The empirical study shows that salespeople are aware of the impact of disruptive events on the automotive sector and vehicle sales performance. Participants were highly experienced, with more than ten years of experience. The results show a need for flexibility. Salespeople view the impact of disruptive events on a broader scale to be cognisant of how the whole sector are affected.

Factors Influencing the Re-Usage Intentions of TikTokamongst Generation Z Users

Chloe Matthew, David Ngomirakiza, Aaron Koopman, Tshegofatso Monkge

Abstract
The evolution of technology and communication has led to the rise in the usage of mobile devices, which provide individuals with access to the internet and various social networking applications. Originating from China in 2016, the TikTok application allows for the creation and sharing of short videos that attract viewers through various filters and background music. The exponential growth and popularity of the application amongst young adults, warrants continued research from various viewpoints to contribute to a deeper understanding of the re-usage of the application. The study examined the relationship between five (5) independent variables and re-usage intentions as the dependent variable, through the mediating role of satisfaction. Quantitative data were collected from 341 students, which was thereafter analysed using SPSS27, with structural equation modelling (SEM) being used to test the stated hypotheses. The results obtained supported eight out of the eleven hypothesis statements. In addition, there was evidence to suggest that satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, social interaction and re-usage intentions. This study contributes to the existing literature on digital and social media marketing and can benefit both social media application developers and marketing practitioners.

A Generalised Model to Measure and Manage Brand Loyalty in South Africa

Christo Bisschoff, Anelle Venter

Abstract
This study develops a general model to measure and manage brand loyalty in South Africa. Many local and international studies have applied brand loyalty models to specific industries. However, no generalise South African brand loyalty model exists to apply to general businesses or multi-faceted enterprises. This study addresses the question of which antecedents are relevant in a general model to measure and manage brand loyalty in South Africa. Bisschoff and Moolla’s simplified brand loyalty model of nine antecedents is used and applied to an existing multi-industry database on brand loyalty, consisting of 2035 cases to identify generic industry antecedents. Nine antecedents in the brand loyalty model were empirically validated to develop a general brand loyalty model for South Africa.
Seven of the brand loyalty antecedents were retained in the model. The model consists of two main loyalty drivers, namely attitudinal and behavioural drivers, which are important for measuring and managing brand loyalty, with attitudinal drivers being the stronger of the two constructs. Furthermore, the model revealed that customer satisfaction is directly related to brand loyalty. It is recommended that the model be operationalised in the business environment to assist management in measuring and managing brand loyalty.

How Marketing Influencers Impact Consumer Purchase Intention toward South African Sneaker Brands?

Mathilda Molokwane, Tinashe Chuchu

Abstract
In recent years marketing influencers have made a notable impact on how consumers make purchase decisions and these influencers can range from Celebrities, Industry experts, Bloggers and Vloggers. This study was inspired by the impact that global footwear brands have made on society transcending across sports and popular culture. More specifically the present research sort to investigate factors that impact consumers’ willingness to purchase branded sneakers in South Africa. In order to achieve this, a hypothesised model was proposed. The study was quantitative in nature adopting a non-probability approach to determine appropriate participants. Fieldwork was conducted where 372 willing participants completed and returned the questionnaire for processing. The collected data was analysed in SPSS 27 and Amos 27 for descriptive statistics and hypotheses testing respectively. Key findings indicated that brand attitude and purchase intention were the most closely associated constructs after hypotheses were tested with expertise, and brand loyalty having the weakest relationship. The study presented a picture of how local consumers’ perceived brands produced for their communities.

Exploring the Out-Of-Home Advertising Media Platforms and Synergy Strategies Applied by Practitioners in a South African Context

Thérèse Roux

Abstract
The practices when planning campaigns where different OOH media types are combined are not sufficiently investigated. This exploratory sequential mixed method study contributes to closing the knowledge gap regarding planning OOH advertising media for synergistic effects when integrating different types. In the qualitative component, OOH advertising media practitioners’ practices and views were explored. Four integration strategies were revealed namely:
High brand status strategy capitalising on large prominent structures confined to limited market coverage, brand cogency strategy where a media type is dominant with other supporting smaller formats to offer relative impact, but some wider market coverage than the impact strategy; continued brand awareness strategy employing geographically widely distributed smaller formats which offers a relatively low impact and the extended brand coverage strategy entailing long-term media displays at several prominent locations.
The quantitative component showed that outdoor advertising was the most applied media type, and the high brand status strategy was applied most often. Integration of the components confirmed that the four unique synergy strategies articulated in interviews are applied in campaigns delivered. A framework is proposed to guide advertisers on the key considerations when planning the integration of OOH advertising media types to obtain synergy in multi-media campaigns.

Examining Financial Performance and Supply Chain Process Strategy for a Pharmaceutical Company

Albertus Charles Kotze, Peter John Kilbourn

Abstract
Many organisations aim to meet their financial targets by aligning strategies and processes. However, a misalignment between corporate goals and supply chain operations often leads to sub-optimal processes and poor financial performance.
This study examines the link between an organisation’s financial performance objectives and the supply chain process strategy that best supports those objectives. Specifically, it focuses on a major pharmaceutical organisation operating in South Africa.
The study utilises a case study approach, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process method to identify the organisation’s preferences regarding financial objectives, and supply chain processes. Financial and decision analysis techniques are applied to analyse primary and secondary data.
The research demonstrates that the case organisation’s procurement process plays a pivotal role in supporting operating efficiency and financial objectives for the company. The findings contribute to the existing body of supply chain knowledge by exploring the relationship between corporate financial and supply chain objectives and their mutual impact.
This study highlights the significance of integrating supply chain processes with financial performance objectives and provides insights into selecting the most suitable supply chain process to support an organisation’s financial goals.

A Comparative Analysis of Uber Eats, Bolt Food and Mr D: Evaluating the Services and User Experience

Tamara Lulutho Sirenya, Juanita van der Walt

Abstract
The attraction and retention of customers are vital for e-hailing fast food delivery service providers. Understanding customer requirements and influential factors in delivery app usage and preference decision-making is crucial for customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study conducted a comparative analysis of three popular food delivery platforms: Uber Eats, Bolt Food and Mr D. The objective was to evaluate their services and user experience, identify areas for improvement and provide actionable recommendations. Key aspects such as order placement, delivery time, menu variety, pricing, customer support, and overall user satisfaction were examined. Quantitative data was collected through surveys administered to users of these platforms. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics, was employed to compare platform performance across various aspects. The research provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of Uber Eats, Bolt Food and Mr D, based on objective user data. These findings contribute to the existing knowledge in the food delivery industry and aid users in making informed choices. The study’s outcomes shed light on the comparative performance of these food delivery platforms, offering valuable insights to users and industry stakeholders. Recommendations include improving brand recognition, incorporating the latest technologies, implementing competitive pricing strategies, enhancing user experience, focusing on differentiation, and improving customer feedback strategies.

Political Risks to Mineral Beneficiation: An Economic Growth Strategy for South Africa

Piet Croucamp, Jannie Rossouw

Abstract
This paper shows that South Africa faces structural challenges in its quest to improve economic growth on a sustained basis, aimed at eradicating the problem of persistent unemployment. As neither the political environment, nor the economic environment, are conducive to an acceleration in economic growth, an alternative strategy to enhance growth is required. As a major producer of minerals, the preferred alternative for accelerated growth is an increased focus on local beneficiation of mining production, rather than ore exports. Such a strategy has multiple implications, but it is shown in this paper that guaranteed uninterrupted supply of electricity is a precondition for success. The primary research methodology is to operationalise the political risks which precedes the policy endeavour of economic beneficiation in South Africa’s chrome industry.
The results of the research show that the responsiveness of management to a particular policy regime is a function of the estimated or envisaged risks. Such a response occurs depending on the extent to which risk can be mitigated and the likeliness of policy formulators being pragmatic about the conditionalities embedded in the policy regime. This research will assist managers to understand the political risks of economic or industrial activity and inform not only about the key policy risks but also the infrastructural impediments impacting on the endeavour to mitigate risks.

Conceptual Framework for Configurations Development and Measurement: An Approach for Manufacturing Firms During Operational Uncertainty

Matolwandile M Mtotywa, Tshidi Mohapeloa

Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and fifth industrial revolution (5IR) technologies create the foundation for novel and game-changing methods for managing operations in response to operational uncertainty. The study aims to develop a conceptual framework for a configurations development and measurement approach using operational uncertainty, 4IR/5IR technologies and learning organisation as the influencer of 4IR/5IR technologies’ effectiveness The study inductively developed an 11-step analytical conceptual framework grounded on a combination of fuzzy-AHP, PLS-SEM and fuzzy-QCA. The robust framework utilises symmetric and asymmetric approaches to ensure that the outcome moves beyond high value in the dependent variable but in several sufficient and necessary conditions. It provides insights necessary to ensure robust checks to enhance the accuracy of the model by assessing nonlinear effects, endogeneity, unobserved heterogeneity and PLSpredict in the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and predictive validity in the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) findings. Finally, the framework provides an approach to measure the long-term impact of the interventions within the firm using difference-in-difference (DiD) and benchmarking the firm’s technical efficiencies against industry peers with similar decision-making units (DMUs) using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This framework provides a novel contribution to effective management of operational uncertainty in the manufacturing industry.

Factors Influencing Lean Methodology Application at Phaswana Textile and Manufacturing

Sambil Charles Mukwakungu, Sandisiwe Nqobile Ndlovu, Nomthandazo Nkosi, Charles Mbohwa

Abstract
The South African government advocates that all products used in the country should be locally manufactured. With the manufacturing industry thus increasing, companies are facing challenges. This study focuses on Phaswana Textile and Manufacturing, a company operating in Westonaria, Johannesburg, attempting to establish a footprint in the local manufacturing industry. The company primarily manufactures personal protective equipment (PPE), corporate uniforms and hospital scrubs. The implementation of Lean methodology is examined in a case study at this company to investigate how its operational efficiency can be enhanced by implementing such a methodology. A qualitative study was used to acquire data collected through interviews with the staff who agreed to participate in this study. The interviews helped the researchers acquire information about the company’s current manufacturing process and other challenges. The findings showed that the company is challenged by wastage of material, long lead times, unmanaged manufacturing processes, and long idling times. The findings also indicated that no Lean methodologies were implemented in this organisation. The study recommends the company’s management train its employees, build a waste- management culture, and align the Just in Time principles with the strategic objectives of Lean.

Evaluating The Pandemic’s Impact on Third-Party Logistics Key Performance Indicators in South Africa Retail Industry

Sambil Charles Mukwakungu, Nita Sukdeo, Olubusola Stephanie Adesominu, Charles Mbohwa

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global supply chains, notably affecting third-party logistics providers (3PLs) in South Africa’s retail sector. This study examines the pandemic’s impact on 3PLs’ key performance indicators in this industry. Findings reveal challenges like supply chain interruptions, fluctuating customer demand, and ensuring employee safety. Recommended strategies include digital technology adoption, resilient supply chain development, enhanced communication, health prioritization, and adaptive monitoring. These insights can guide 3PLs and stakeholders in South Africa and globally in navigating pandemic-induced challenges.

The Influence of a Green Procurement Strategy on Procurement Decisions at Unilever, South Africa

Mr Alexander Samuels

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of a green procurement strategy on procurement decisions at Unilever South Africa, a prominent Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) firm devoted to sustainability. The study’s objectives are to assess the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of implementing a green procurement strategy, identify challenges faced by Unilever South Africa and provide practical insights for improving the effectiveness of green procurement strategies.

By expanding theoretical understanding of the relationship between sustainable procurement methods and procurement outcomes, the study adds to the current body of information. It broadens understanding of supply chain sustainability and stakeholder engagement. Furthermore, the study has practical implications for Unilever South Africa and other FMCG firms by giving insights to improve procurement procedures, supplier selection and overall supply chain management to achieve sustainable goals.

As the study focused on the influence of a green procurement strategy on procurement decisions in South Africa, an exploratory case study method was adopted. To identify the major challenges experienced when sourcing packaging materials, a qualitative research approach was applied. The research was carried out at Unilever’s headquarters in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Purposive sampling was utilised with a sample size of four participants. As a data gathering tool, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used. For this qualitative study, NVivo 12 was employed as thematic analysis software.

Green Supply Chain Integration: A Bibliometric Analysis

Shallone Munongo, David Pooe

Abstract
Production inputs and other resources utilised in organisational operations have significant environmental effects. Green supply chain integration (GSCI) has attracted enormous interest from both academics and practitioners lately, mainly because of its essential role in promoting sustainability. Studies on GSCI are largely of the view that there are significant gains to be realised from it. This study analysed the current research progress and frontier dynamics on GSCI. It utilised the Web of Science citation database to search and filter relevant documents. A total of 969 articles were obtained from 1999-2023. Thereafter, a bibliometric analysis method using Bibliometrix was employed to study the literature characteristics and research hotspots. The study found that GSCI is a contemporary study area; published literature GSCI is exponentially increasing, peaking in 2022; the Journal of Cleaner Production is the most relevant source; Harbin Institute of Technology, University of Derby, and others have a strong influence on GSCI research, the USA is the most cited country, and, China is the most active country in terms of collaborations with other countries, having the highest article collaborations with the United Kingdom.

Exploring Supply Chain Risks in the Engineering, Procurement and Construction Management Sector

Alfred Henrico, Martin Potgieter, Nelda Mouton

Abstract
The most recent disruption the world has experienced was COVID-19, which had a significant impact on the world and its economy. Delays were experienced in several sectors, such as mining, manufacturing and logistics.
The object of the study is to explore the supply chain disruption within the EPC and determine the effect thereof on the sector. Various concepts relating to supply chain disruptions were exported through a literature review, which includes supply chain management, supply chain risk, supply chain complexity and supply chain risk management. These concepts were explored to understand the industry norms as part of the cause and effect of supply chain disruptions. Through a qualitative approach, a view of the EPC sector from industry specialists could be provided through semi-structured interviews.
Recommendations were made, emphasising the evaluation based on sharing risk once the parties have signed a contract. While EPC professionals are strong technical individuals due to the nature of the EPC sector, a greater awareness of procurement and supply chain activities is required to improve the effectiveness of the mitigation to be put in place.

Sustainability of Food Production and Consumption in the Food Supply Chain

Nonceba Ntoyanto-Tyatyantsi, Anthea Amadi-Echendu

Abstract
The United Nations’ second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 12) is to ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns. How can circular economy principles assist in building sustainable food systems? Since food systems inextricably interweave socio-economic business models with physical infrastructure assets, engineered assets deployed throughout the supply chain of food systems should be managed to conform to the precepts of a circular economy and the sustainability paradigm. This paper reviews (i) strategies that can enhance sustainable food systems through circular economy precepts and (ii) supports the second goal of sustainable production.
The study indicates that existing infrastructure and assets must be managed to enable the incorporation of reverse logistics processes to introduce circular economy imperatives into food systems towards the achievement of sustainable development goals. Future work may focus on tracking the supply chain of food systems and examining the challenges of conforming to circular economy precepts and SDG 12.

Factors Inhibiting Unilever’s Sustainable Procurement of Packaging Material in South Africa

Alexander Samuels, Keletsamaile Motatsa

Abstract
The study’s main goal was to determine the variables that inhibit sustainable packaging procurement in South Africa. The Unilever group had numerous problems. This study investigated these problems further and provided strategies to address them. Furthermore, the study sought to explore strategies to mitigate the consequences of climate change by contributing to sustainable packaging, which would eventually contribute to a reduction in the organisation’s carbon footprint.
A crucial finding from the study revealed that in South Africa, acquiring recyclable material is cheaper than purchasing virgin material, in contrast to other nations across the world, where purchasing virgin material is cheaper than purchasing recycled material.
Using an exploratory case study method, the study focused on factors inhibiting Unilever’s sustainable procurement of packaging materials in South Africa. A qualitative research approach was used to determine the critical challenges of procuring packaging materials. The study was conducted at the headquarters of Unilever in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. With a sample size of three participants, purposive sampling was used. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used as a data collection tool. NVivo 12 was used as thematic analysis software for this qualitative study.
Plastic packaging waste has contributed significantly to the country’s waste stream. As a result, this study encourages sustainable buying and using recyclable or compostable packaging materials, reducing landfill pressure and creating a circular South African economy.

Assessing Road Risks for Goods Transportation on South Africa’s Johannesburg-Durban N3 Corridor

Sambil Charles Mukwakungu, Nita Sukdeo, Werner Beukes, Charles Mbohwa

Abstract
The N3 Gateway, extending from Johannesburg to Durban, is a vital link for freight transportation to the East Coast for export. This road plays a vital role in South Africa’s economy; however, it is not exclusively used for freight transport, but is also a vital link for travellers wishing to visit the coastal areas in Durban. This road is characterised by high traffic volumes on road accidents; however, other risks are associated with this road. This paper aims to assess the various road risks from the perspective of road freight transport.
A quantitative approach was employed for this study. A self-administered questionnaire served as the data collection tool; the questionnaire was designed according to the five-point Likert scale design. The findings revealed that the N3 gateway has many other risks and hazards apart from road accidents; they include criminality and driver behaviour as high-risk factors.

Horizontal Collaboration in Purchasing: A Proposed Model for South African Wine Producers

Micheline J Naude, Rodney T Naude

Abstract
A gap exists in literature that addresses the importance of horizontal collaboration in purchasing for wine makers. This paper explores the possibility of developing a purchasing consortium model for South African wine producers for common, non-strategic, low value products and services.
The study is exploratory and a qualitative approach was adopted. Data was collected through interviews with wine producers. The findings indicated that wine producers experience poor service, long delivery lead times and poor quality from their suppliers of boxes, labels and bottles. A purchasing consortium offers not only savings on purchase prices, but higher quality, as well as providing price and service benefits through collaborative purchasing, the sharing of best purchasing practice through networking with members and the reduction of duplication in purchasing activities.
A purchasing consortium model is recommended and will be beneficial within the South African context, as a model to support horizontal collaboration. The implementation of the model could improve quality, decrease stock outs, allow for purchasing a larger number of common products and ultimately reduce material and purchasing costs. It is expected that the proposed framework will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on horizontal collaboration in purchasing.

Energy companies’ dividend payout determinants: evidence from the Polish capital market in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic decade

Krzysztof Kompa, Dorota Witkowska

Abstract
Public companies’ dividend policy is permanently the subject of intensive research. In line with trends of this research, this paper focuses on the dividend policy of companies in the energy sector in Poland, and study the determinants of dividend payouts in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic decade. The aim of the research is to compare energy companies with other non-financial firms, and to assess the relationship between dividend policy and companies’ financial efficiency, ownership structure, capital size, economic sector, and the application of equality policies in hiring managers. A sample of 73 companies included in the main indices of the Warsaw Stock Exchange was used.
The research covered the period from 2010 to 2019. The financial efficiency of the companies was measured by single indicators and a synthetic vector measure (VSMD). It was found that (1) energy companies are incomparably larger than other non-financial companies, (2) the VSMD measure as a determinant of dividend payouts is better than single financial ratios, (3) State Treasury ownership is an important factor in dividend policy, (4) representation of women in management is far from sufficient in terms of EU equality law, and (5) gender structure of statutory bodies do not influence dividend payouts.

Investigating the Relationship between Financial Self-Efficacy and Certain Demographic Variables to Explain the Financial Behaviour of South Africans

Jenny Oswald, Mamekwa Katlego Kekana

Abstract
South Africa is faced with high levels of indebtedness and low savings culture by individuals. These trends warrant greater attention as governments and regulatory bodies are advocating for improved financial behaviour and financial well-being, primarily through financial education initiatives. However, research reveals that financial education is not sufficient to influence behavioural change and that there are factors that are of a psychological and personal nature that influence personal financial behaviour. Factors such as financial self-efficacy (FSE) and various demographic variables are important predictors to be considered in explaining personal financial behaviour in South Africa. This study sought to investigate the relationship between FSE and certain demographic variables by using secondary data from the 2011 South African Social Attitudes Survey. Firstly, Pearson product-moment correlation is used to examine the relationship between FSE with age and monthly income required to meet respondents’ financial needs. Secondly, Chi-Square tests of independence were performed to examine the relationship between demographic variables (age, marital status, gender, ethnicity, income level and educational level) of the participants and FSE. Finally, to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between the FSE and demographic variables, the t-test was performed to test the study’s hypotheses. The results of the study reveal that FSE has a weak correlation to age and monthly income required to meet financial needs. The Chi-Square tests reveal that a statistically significant relationship exists among FSE and some of the six demographic variables. Furthermore, the study reveals that FSE was particularly high among males, those earning a high income, highly educated individuals, being 36 years and older, married and White individuals. Firstly, the study makes use of the only nationally representative data from 2011 and relies on self-reported ratings of financial management. Secondly, the study did not empirically test the influence of social relationships on individual financial behaviour. this study contributes to financial behaviour literature in the South African context as it is one of the few studies that explore FSE and demographic variables using a nationally representative sample in an emerging economy.

The Quality of Risk Disclosures in the Integrated Reports of Companies with Problematic International Expansions

Kudzai Matiashe1, Adele Oosthuizen, Marie Janse van Rensburg

Abstract
Investors have incurred significant losses due to the failed expansion strategies of several South African companies. These failures have raised concerns about the quality of risk disclosures provided. Previous studies have primarily assessed the quality of risk disclosures in general, with limited attention given to specific, high-risk investments. This study contributes by comparing the quality of risk disclosures relating to international expansions before and after the investment showed signs of distress. A risk disclosure checklist was developed from the guidance provided in the Integrated Reporting Framework. The cases of two JSE-listed companies with’ problematic international expansions were investigated. A deductive approach to document analysis was adopted to evaluate the quality of the disclosures in the company-integrated reports. The study found that risk disclosures were generic. During the initial stages of the expansion, reporting focused primarily on the positive aspects of the investment opportunity. Only when the risks started materialising did the companies include relevant information about the adverse implications of the expansion. The study supports previous findings that companies focus on creating a positive image by downplaying or omitting negative information, thereby using risk disclosures to manage investor impressions rather than providing transparent and accurate information.

The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis and Covid-19 on the Banking Sector: A Comparative Study

Boitumelo Kose, Milan De Wet

Abstract
This paper examines the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and Covid-19 comparatively on the banking sector in South Africa. Using a sample of five banks and the JSE SA Banks index, this paper adopts a panel regression and event study approach for the periods 2015 to 2022 and 2006 to 2013 for analysis of Covid-19 and the GFC respectively. For the event study, two key events are focused on, 26 March 2020 and 15 September 2008. The first event is the announcement of the first nationwide lockdown level 5 in South Africa, which resulted from Covid-19 cases increasing at a rapid rate. The second event is when the Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. declared bankruptcy, which caused shock to the global financial market.
The regression results and event study results imply that the effects of Covid-19 and the GFC on bank performance were not significant. Therefore, in the long run, banks in South Africa will continue to weather crises such as Covid-19 and the GFC.

An Exploratory Study of a Corporate Tax Rate Reduction and The Encouragement of Investments in Shares in South Africa

Rudie Nel

Abstract
In South Africa the corporate tax rate was reduced during 2022 with the intention to encourage investments. This study aimed to explore whether the corporate tax rate reduction would encourage investments in shares in South Africa by considering the tax preferences of investors, tax incentives, and tax simplification. An exploratory study was performed with three objectives: (i) To analyse the tax preferences of investors (after-tax returns of investments in shares) based on South African tax rate reform for the period 2008 to 2023; (ii) To review current tax incentives in the Income Tax Act aimed at encouraging investments in shares; (iii) To consider tax simplification of the Income Tax Act as a method to encourage investments in shares.
The present study concluded on objectives with three main findings. Firstly, increases in applicable tax rates since 2008 would have discouraged, rather than encouraged investments in shares by individual investors and enunciate the need for further tax reform to encourage investments. Secondly, further research in respect of investment subsidies, as a tax incentive, in the form of income tax relief and/or preferential tax rates is recommended. Finally, further research on tax simplification is recommended particularly relating to anti-avoidance provisions in the Income Tax Act to encourage investments in shares.

Effective Financing Structures for Greening South African Cities

Sindi Mokgopha, Heinz Eckart Klingelhöfer

Abstract
Facing climate change and its global threats, municipalities are responsible for minimising the consequences for their citizens by greening their cities. Although they are willing, lack of funding makes it a challenge. The goal was to assess the adequacy of current financing models for greening South African metropolitan cities and to develop a framework to provide an effective financing for greening these cities. To assist South African metropolitan cities in finding an effective financing structure for greening their cities, this study took a qualitative approach: A total population sampling targeted all eight municipal officials responsible for sustainability/climate change/environmental management from all the eight Metropolitan municipalities of South Africa.
The results obtained from virtual and telephone interviews confirmed that Metropolitan cities need more financing to implement green projects on a larger scale, but also highlighted other challenges. Financial constraints, inadequate staff training, political interference, and problems with the procurement process were among the key findings. Evaluating the effectiveness of current financing structures and, based on these findings, a new financing framework for greening South African cities was created, which may assist policymakers in having a robust system to guide and support implementation and assist municipalities in properly managing revenues for sustainability.

Application of IFRS 13 Hierarchy Classifications and Disclosure Requirements by South African Banks

Vimbai Francisca Murenga, Ingrid Baigrie

Abstract
This paper assesses the extent to which South African banks are classifying financial instruments into the appropriate fair value hierarchy levels as indicated in International Financial Reporting Standard 13 (IFRS 13) Fair Value Measurement, as well as the extent to which they are complying with the disclosure requirements of IFRS 13. Ten banks, all listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and registered in terms of the Banks Act of South Africa were selected for the study. The valuation approaches and inputs disclosed in the financial statements were assessed to determine whether the level in the Fair Value Hierarchy in which the financial instruments were classified was appropriate.
Compliance with the IFRS 13 disclosure requirements was assessed by identifying the level in the fair value hierarchy to which the asset or liability was assigned and comparing the disclosures given in the financial statements with a disclosure checklist. This research contributes to existing literature on fair value accounting by providing information on the classification of financial instruments and the extent of compliance with the IFRS 13 disclosure requirements by South African banks.

Economic Feasibility of the Monetary Integration of BRICS and BRICS Plus Countries

Mohamed Gangat, Abigirl Ncube

Abstract
This paper tests the economic feasibility of the Chinese Renminbi (RMB) for monetary integration among the BRICS and BRICS Plus countries which seek to de-dollarise and reduce reliance on the US Dollar (USD). The literature reviewed addresses the ascendancy of the Renminbi to superior reserve currency status, which gives it an edge over the idea of developing a new currency for intra-BRICS and BRICS Plus trade. Mundell’s (1961) criteria of real convergence, based on the optimal currency area (OCA) theory, is used to evaluate the feasibility of a monetary integration arrangement between the member states. Despite GDP, trade openness and exchange rate signaling that a monetary integration using the RMB may be possible, the study concludes that the RMB is not yet ready to act as the currency for intra-BRICS and BRICS Plus trade. This is due to the divergence in inflation and interest rates and the inadequacy of China’s total reserves, which creates unfavourable conditions for monetary unification. Future research on monetary integration may examine other aspects of integration such as diversity in exports, the degree of cross-border labour movement, cultural or social barriers, language barriers and comparing political systems and ideologies of the governments.

Assessing the Sustainability Ratios Reported by South African Companies

Heidi Janse van Rensburg, Miemie Struwig

Abstract
This paper compares a proposed set of sustainability ratios over two periods. The intention is to evaluate whether the proposed set of sustainability ratios were indeed used in practice. For the study, a quantitative content analysis of the integrated reports of FTSE/JSE Responsible Investment Top 30 Index companies for the years 2017 and 2022 was performed using a systematic review. A total of 43 sustainability ratios were reported by the participating companies in 2017 and 2022. Ten reported ratios showed an increase in reporting frequency in 2022 compared to 2017.
The ratio with the highest reported frequency in 2022 was for women in management, followed by women in the workforce, historically disadvantaged South Africans in management, emission percentage change, water usage change, employee turnover and energy usage change. Trend ratios (namely, water, energy, emissions and waste) were reported in isolation without context. Some sustainability ratios proposed in theory were found to be in monetary values (for example, Emission cost / Sales), however, it was found in practice that similar ratios were presented in units (for example, Emissions tonnes / Revenue). The results confirmed that the proposed set of 43 sustainability ratios could be a starting point for a useable set of sustainability ratios.

Refined Economic Value Added and Economic Value Added Momentum as Predictive Tools for Shareholders’ Return on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange

Dinis Pedro Maculuve

Abstract
Accounting and economic based measures as value relevant constructs for stock return appraisal and consequent forward-looking correlation with shareholders’ return are paramount for equity holders. However, several empirical studies concerning the association between these constructs and shareholders’ returns have yielded different results. Additionally, on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE), the correlation between the refined economic value added (REVA) and economic value-added momentum (EVAM) and shareholders’ returns have not been tested as intensively as economic value added (EVA). Therefore, this study sought to determine the predictive power of economic-based measures (EVA, REVA, and EVAM) as a group and at a regressor individual level.
The study used descriptive statistics (pairwise correlation, multicollinearity test) and panel data estimation techniques (panel unit root test, fixed modified ordinary least square and fixed effect model) to analyse a sample of 52 JSE-listed firms from 2007 to 2017. The results indicate that, as a group, the economic based indicators (EVA, REVA, and EVAM) predict shareholders’ return on the JSE. Additionally, at the regressor individual level, only REVA can be used to predict shareholders’ return on the JSE.

Investigating the Relationship between Financial Literacy and the Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the South African Informal Sector

Petronella Jonck, Lilian Nwosu

Abstract
Financial literacy has been identified as a major contributing factor in entrepreneurial business performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between financial literacy and the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the South African informal sector. The research reported on is based on the supposition that a lack of financial literacy negatively impacts the financial wellbeing and overall performance of SMEs in the informal sector resulting in decreased productivity and/or business closure. The study adopted a quantitative approach and was operationalised by means of obtaining quantitative data from 1 658 (n = 1 658) respondents operating SMEs not registered for value-added tax. Purposive sampling was used to generate the final sample. By means of structural equation modelling, the research established that the application of financial literacy, for example completing annual accounts, statistically significantly influenced turnover and net profit. Given the pivotal role of the informal sector and the emaciated research evidence relating thereto, the significance of the study could be found in its contribution to the corpus of knowledge. Skills development for SME owners should be emphasised by policymakers and financial institutions. However, financial literacy knowledge in isolation did not yield statistically significant results.

Assessment of The Disclosure of Human Capital Performance in Integrated Reporting

Aron Roopnarain, Marita E Pietersen

Abstract
The disclosure of useful information in integrated reports is essential for decision-making processes by stakeholders and other users. The objective of this research was to assess information disclosed about human capital performance (HCP) in integrated reports (IRs) of selected companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) to determine best practices, as well as areas of development to enhance the disclosure of HCP in IRs. The study was conducted within an interpretive paradigm and followed an inductive research approach within a qualitative research design. In doing so the study allowed for the development and utilisation of an assessment tool for HCP, which can provide content to determine value creation of companies across different industries and product/ service specialisation. The HCP matrix is based on key elements which may be viewed as the primary considerations to assess HCP. The application of the HCP matrix on the companies in different industries allowed for observations and assessments to determine the type of information required to improve the disclosure of HCP in IRs. The findings indicated that the prioritising of HCP disclosure provides insights into the effective management of a company and may lead to value creation for a company.

Exploring the Theories and Factors Relating to the Susceptibility of the Banking Industry to Social Engineering Attacks

Rushdeen Davis, Lynn Futcher, Noluxolo Gcaza

Abstract
The banking industry is becoming increasingly susceptible to social engineering attacks, posing significant threats to the banking institutions and their clients. This study explores theories related to the susceptibility of the banking industry to social engineering attacks. Additionally, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the theories and factors that contribute to banking clients’ susceptibility to social engineering attacks through a systematic literature review and thematic content analysis. This paper reveals that social engineering in the banking industry is influenced by various behavioural theories, such as Protection Motivation Theory, the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Theory of Reasoned Action. Additionally, it highlights various factors including perceptual factors, organisational factors, and socio-psychological factors stemming from the aforementioned theories. To increase the resilience of the banking industry against social engineering attacks, an understanding of the relationship of these theories and factors can be used to develop preventive measures, training and awareness programs, and security policies.

Pernicious Phishing Attacks: Standards and Training Might Not, But User Awareness Will Prevent Victimhood

Mamello Mtshali, Kennedy Njenga

Abstract
The ubiquity of information technology in South African organisations has shaped the advent of pernicious phishing attacks. Despite the numerous phishing interventions such as improving the standards of information technology (IT), use and user training, phishing attacks keep persistently growing. This work tests the assumption that standards and training offer reasonable interventions for pernicious phishing attacks and reduce victimhood. Using a quantitative approach and data collected from users across the Johannesburg metropole it disproves this assumption. Of interest to management and practitioners of information systems security, is that user awareness is proven to be an important construct in exerting mitigation measures towards the rise of pernicious phishing attacks.

An Overview of Knowledge Management within Skills Development Providers: A Conceptual Paper

Ralebitso Kenneth Letshaba, Kaizer Ndlovu

Abstract
Organisations in the knowledge economy rely on knowledge to develop and maintain industrial competitiveness. Hence, skills development providers (SDPs) are at the centre stage of imparting knowledge and skills to individuals and organisations. Although there is increased interest in knowledge management (KM), there is still a lack of cohesive research on the subject within the other sectors of the economy, particularly the SDPs. As a conceptual paper, the current work is based on secondary data gathered from several studies on KM conducted in South Africa. This literature review examined the numerous studies on KM in South Africa from different sectors of the economy.
The findings revealed that KM research in South Africa is still an emerging topic which requires further research. It was discovered that in some sectors, the concept of KM is not comprehended by the employees and top management. It is thus evident that KM has not been conducted within SDPs. The study therefore suggests KM policy, awareness and training to support efficient knowledge creation, acquisition, storage, sharing and application for the skills development sector in South Africa. As a result, this study emphasised the need to investigate KM in SDPs.

ChatGPT: A Conversation Towards a ‘phishing attack’ and the Information Security Risk this poses

Kennedy Njenga

Abstract
The work reflects on how ChatGPT can be used to develop a phishing campaign that may lead to a successful phishing attack. By employing a design science research (DSR) approach and through a ‘conversation’ with ChatGPT, a phishing framework anchored on a fictitious website and email was developed, showing the prowess of ChatGPT. Of concern to managers and information security practitioners of organisations operating in South Africa, the advent of ChatGPT has only complicated and exacerbated phishing campaigns in new ways. The implications for these developments are outlined in the main paper.

A Model for Smart Factories in the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry

Margaret Cullen, Andre P. Calitz, Basil Mugwagwa

Abstract
Digital transformation has brought about challenges that drive the need for smart manufacturing. Industry 4.0 has emerged as a response to these digital transformation challenges. The implementation of smart factories globally has gained academic and practical interest, however studies have focused on generic manufacturing factories, excluding the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to enhance the understanding of the implementation of smart factories in the pharmaceutical industry. An empirical study was conducted using a questionnaire, which was operationalised from the literature, using a sample of one hundred and six respondents working in a pharmaceutical factory in South Africa. The responses were statistically analysed, including exploratory factor analysis.
A conceptual model is presented and the Technology Acceptance Model was used as the theoretical basis of the study. The results suggest that successful technology acceptance in pharmaceutical industries is dependent on the employees’ and management’s willingness to adapt to the changes that technology brings. It is recommended that management offer training and continuous information sessions on the advantages of technology implementation to the organisation and show that technology implementation is not a threat to the employees’ jobs.

Utilising Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation to Improve the Competitiveness and Effectiveness of Iron Ore Mines in South Africa

Johannes Coetzee, TM Nemavhola

Abstract
Currently, the mining industry is facing several challenges, which is why technology and innovation methods are so important. Deeper mining to access the ore, rising energy costs, more complex ore bodies, access to high-grade ore bodies, and social and geopolitical risks are just a few of the challenges that are putting pressure on the mining sector to control costs.
The main objective of this study was to investigate whether utilising the strategic management of technology and innovation could have a practical benefit in giving the mines a competitive advantage and contribute towards the sustainability of the iron ore mines.
Interviews were used to gather data, and prepared questions were sent to participants before the interviews. The themes that emerged after coding were the source of technology and innovation, improvement benefits, quality of product, and sustainability.
The results showed that the strategic management of technology and innovation was identified as the key enabler that can be used in iron ore mines to enhance competitiveness. This was revealed from the study when analysing the transcripts from the interviews. The participants believe that studying market trends to plan the executing stage and which technology to implement and where to implement that technology and innovative ideas hold the key to unlocking the value from the ore, boosting the business’ profits, and addressing other production issues such as safety and production rate.

Environmental Consciousness and Air Travel Behaviour: Perspectives from Domestic Air Travellers in South Africa

Tracey Cohen de Villiers, Annemarie Davis

Abstract
The aftermath of COVID-19 has left airlines fiercely striving to recover and re-establish their competitiveness in a volatile market. The pandemic exposed the airline industry to the vulnerability of natural disasters, including the risks posed by climate change. Thus, as the carbon-intense airline industry rebuilds, it must ambitiously pursue the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2050 net-zero target. Consumer behaviour is identified as a key driver to reduce and mitigate airlines’ negative impacts on the environment. However, insufficient research exists on air traveller consumer behaviour and environmental consciousness, and how these factors relate to each other. This paper focuses on this underexplored territory, by investigating consumer behaviour and environmental consciousness among air travellers, in the context of the South African domestic airline industry. With non-probability sampling techniques, 394 valid responses were collected, and analyses involved descriptive, inferential, and multivariate statistics. Significant relationships were found among dimensions of air travellers’ environmental consciousness and their consumer behaviour. This paper contributes to deeper insights into air traveller consumer behaviour from an environmental perspective. With these insights, valuable suggestions are made to airline managers and marketers to support their post-COVID-19 recovery strategies towards sustainability. In future studies, structural equation modelling is suggested, along with a comparative study of the pre-and post-COVID-19 eras.

The Development of a Social Media Adoption Intention Model for Effective Online Tourism Marketing

Sandra Perks, Danie Ferreira

Abstract
The increased use of digital platforms has prompted tourism businesses to adopt social media. Social media has become an important possible facilitator of tourism marketing. The purpose of this paper is thus to develop a conception model of social media adoption intention factors necessary for effective social media tourism marketing. The study used stand-alone desktop research and a systematic literature review to collect secondary data from academic textbooks, journal articles and internet resources on technology- and social media adoption intention. Data from both developing and developed countries were considered to enable a holistic theoretical lens to generate as many study variables as possible for the conceptual model. The proposed conceptual model contained five social media adoption intention factors, namely technology fit, innovation-, organisational- and human resource characteristics, and external business environment. This comprehensive proposed conceptual model may be tested in any developing or developed country while the variables identified within each factor can be used as a checklist to meet social media adoption intention requirements. Variables related to effective online marketing to increase tourism were also proposed.

Private Equity Funding Model for Emerging Farmers in South Africa

Thomas Mutsvene, Heinz Eckart Klingelhöfer

Abstract
Drawing lessons from existing literature on agriculture funding, this paper aims to develop a private equity funding model for emerging farmers and for resuscitating abandoned agricultural projects in South Africa. A desktop research approach that uses publicly available literature from the field of agricultural investments and farming on agricultural funding was used to derive the shortcomings of current funding models and the need for designing a private equity funding (PEF) model. The PEF model shows how private equity funding pools and invests funds to achieve smart agriculture. The PEF model can link up agriculture technology suppliers and the government, allowing emerging farmers’ access to financial resources, infrastructure development, and markets.
The PEF model assists strategy formulation and implementation, confidence and reputation, as well as value creation among emerging farmers. It helps achieve sustainable agriculture and financial stability and promote independence, and increased commitment of emerging farmers in South Africa. Using private equity in funding emerging farmers operations in South Africa sets a new platform for the agricultural development funding research discourse. The PEF model helps increase private sector participation in funding emerging farmers, thus, contributing to improving food security.

Does Presence of Women in Statutory Bodies of Polish Companies’ Improve their Financial Efficiency?

Dorota Witkowska, Krzysztof Kompa

Abstract
There is a significant body of literature on gender diversity within senior management. However, the opinions concerning the benefits for the company performance from the increase of the women representation in boards are diversified. The aim of the research is to find out if the presence of women in the governing bodies influences the financial performance of companies, belonging to the main portfolios of the Warsaw Stock Exchange indices in years 2010-2019. The financial performance of companies is measured by the vector multidimensional indicators of firm performance, which are constructed applying set of various individual financial ratios. Meanwhile, to explore the impact of women’s representation on boards on firm financial standing the correlation coefficients are used.
The research was completed for all companies that were continuously listed throughout the research period and that had complete records of the selected financial indicators. Findings does not prove a positive correlation between an increase in the share of women on boards and better financial performance of companies. However, it should be noted that the fractions of women on boards of examined companies were negligible and very far from the so-called critical mass, which could have influenced the obtained results.

Investment Model for Emerging Farmers in South Africa

Thomas Mutsvene, Heinz Eckart Klingelhöfer

Abstract
The agriculture sector has emerged as one of the critical sectors driving the economy in Southern Africa, with emerging (smallholder) farmers contributing 80% of food production and being large employers for local labour. Such farmers often suffer from a dependency syndrome that stifles their continuity if funding stops. Therefore, based on document analysis and literature, this paper develops an investment model that shall help in overcoming these continuity risks. The model incorporates value-addition processes, suppliers and buyers, government and money markets to ensure returns for reinvestment into emerging farmers’ operational activities.
The proposed model employs special purpose vehicles that connect emerging farmers with the different market actors, the government and the money market. Together with the resulting pooling and applying the portfolio effect, it allows emerging farmers to grow, while reducing their risk and still giving investors good returns at little risk. Hence, it helps to achieve sustainable agriculture and food security. Emerging farmers will benefit by having an investment model that saves funds for the next farming cycle, spurring continuity and growth with only little external support. The research recommends adopting this investment model to promote growth and minimise overreliance on government support.

Systematic Review of Variables Influencing the Saving Behaviour of South Africans

Miemie Struwig, Storm Watson, Philton Abrahams

Abstract
This study systematically reviews variables influencing the saving behaviour of South Africans. South Africans do not have a saving culture and are known to be poor savers. However, to ensure a secure financial future, people need to start saving as soon as possible. Although much research has been conducted on the determinants of saving behaviour, there is no agreement on the variables that influence the saving behaviour of people, especially in the South African context. As a result, the study developed a theoretical framework of variables influencing the saving behaviour of people. A systematic review was conducted using 30 research articles, which were selected based on strict inclusion criteria. The study found five main variables influencing the saving behaviour of South Africans, namely, demographics, level of income, financial literacy, parental influence and life cycle. Various sub-variables were also identified. The focus group interviews confirmed the main variables, but additional sub-variables were proposed such as culture, ease of debt access, saving incentives and peer influence. These variables and sub-variables should be considered by organisations, policymakers and educators to steer initiatives that encourage better-saving behaviour by South Africans.

Traditional Commercial Buildings Converted to Green Features: A Result of ESG or Load Shedding? South African Context

Afezekile Moko, Ntwanano Hlekane

Abstract
South Africa has advocated green building standards for nearly a decade while property owners have cited the economic difficulties of investing in environmentally sustainable initiatives. However, commercial buildings are becoming increasingly eco-friendly. Due to infrastructure deterioration South Africa is experiencing an electricity shortage. Corporations must comprehend the economic effects of load shedding. This study investigates the synergy between load shedding and ESG in the concept of sustainable commercial buildings to examine whether the load shedding crisis promotes green features in such traditional buildings. This qualitative study investigated whether load shedding and ESG techniques impacted the incorporation of green features in traditional commercial building refurbishments. Secondary data from GBCSA, CSRHub, S&P Global, and SAPOA were included in the study. According to the research load shedding accelerated conversion of traditional commercial buildings to green features. This was by a small margin which suggests that both ESG and load shedding are drivers of the conversion. To mitigate the negative impact of the economic crisis on business operations the increased adoption of sustainable features in traditional commercial buildings was a fundamental evaluation. This exhibits the resilience of organisations and could contribute to the development of comprehensive sustainability policies. Future research on the ideologies of policymakers regarding ESG factors and load shedding may be explored.

Water as a Material Aspect in the Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industry: The Role of Integrated Reporting

Martin Botha, Hester Spies

Abstract
Against the backdrop of a growing population and increased water scarcity, this paper took on an integrative perspective to determine whether the concepts of integrated thinking and integrated reporting were associated with improved water disclosures in the food, beverage and tobacco industry in terms of the materiality concept. Non-probability, purposive sampling was used to select firms from the Johannesburg Security Exchange in South Africa, the Australian Security Exchange, and global companies listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
A water disclosure index and quality description with a three-point assessment scale for each materiality element were developed to improve the accuracy of coding. Manual content analysis was implemented as the research design and qualitative and quantitative data was collected from the integrated, sustainability or environmental reports. The findings revealed that integrated reporting preparers outperformed non-integrated reporting users. The evidence indicates that integrated reporting is superior when disclosing on water in the food, beverage and tobacco industry, contributing to the stakeholder theory.

An Assessment of Imposing Water Restrictions on Current Water Supply Management Practices within the Ethekwini Municipality

Alexander Samuels, Daniel Metsileng

Abstract
The primary goal of this research was to explore the relationship between the supply of water and water restriction within eThekwini Municipality. The focus was to investigate the difficulties encountered when attempting to access water supply while having water restrictions in place during erratic rainfall patterns. The purpose of this study is to familiarise residents of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) with the various restrictions and remedies that can assist them in conserving and using water more effectively and efficiently. This study emphasised the significance, causes and consequences of limited water supply, which affects not only the KZN province, but South Africa as a whole.
Using an exploratory case study method, the study assessed water management practices in KwaZulu- Natal. A qualitative research approach was used to determine the critical issues encountered during water supply. The study was conducted at the Water and Sanitation Department of the eThekwini Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. With a sample size of nine participants, purposive sampling was used. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used as a data collection tool. NVivo 12 was used as thematic analysis software for this qualitative study.
This research study contributed to the development of knowledge about the implementation of a new quality management system and how water strategies can be used to improve and promote continuous water supply and overall impact on efficient and effective water management practices.

The Role of Forest Certification, Ecolabels and Green Rewards Programmes in Support of a Green Economy: A South African Perspective

Marianne Doubell, Leo Long, Josua Louw

Abstract
Environmental challenges, including climate change and freshwater scarcity, are increasingly affecting life on earth. Limiting the environmental impact starts with sustainable production, which necessitates transitioning from a linear to a circular economy. Many environmental challenges however derive from unrestrained consumer demand. Retailers can thus contribute to reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities through encouraging green product purchasing.
The purpose of this study was to foster an understanding of the role of forest certification, eco-labelling, and green rewards programmes in support of the green economy. The primary objective was to identify trends and perceptions of South African timber growers and retailers regarding environmental issues to proffer recommendations for enhancing a green economy. Data was collected electronically via tailored, self-administered questionnaires from two groups, namely timber growers and Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) retailers in South Africa. Limitations of the study relate to data collection being limited to email only and participants of FMCG retailers constituting only six of the eight major FMCG retailers active in South Africa.
The findings indicate that forest certification yielded multiple benefits for growers, including improved market access, increased revenue, and positive environmental impacts. The majority of FMCG retailers indicated that they are concerned about the environment; publish an annual sustainability report; and actively support on-product ecolabels to advance sustainable consumption patterns. This study contributes to raising awareness around environmental challenges and provides potential solutions for transitioning to a green economy.

Environmental Management Accounting Systems as a Tool to Enhance the Environmental Performance of Companies in the South African Paper-Making Industry

Duwayne Anthony Kock, Heinz Eckart Klingelhöfer

Abstract
The study aimed to determine the impact on the company’s environmental performance and offer a solution that will help the company achieve its environmental goals. The main goal was to propose an environmental management accounting system in the form of a framework that will provide a structured approach to enhance environmental performance in the paper-making industry. The research design used a multi-method approach based on an exploratory study of a single organisation. Document analysis and in-person interviews with selected participants formed part of the multi-method study.
The opinions of the participants and the data collected showed the weaknesses in the company’s current environmental management accounting system. Weaknesses included: limited skills of staff concerning environmental matters, lack of company awareness regarding environmental policy, conflicting statements arising from a perceived view versus actual occurrences, and the appropriateness of recognition offered by the company The study recommendations emphasised the need for an Exploratory Framework that would serve as the foundation for a more substantial environmental management accounting system that will enhance the environmental performance of the organisation and the paper-making industry.

Breaking Barriers: Advancing Women’s Leadership in HigherLearning Institutions of South Africa

Nomsa Qwelane, Thomas Anning-Dorson

Abstract
This paper investigates the barriers faced by women in attaining leadership positions within Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) in South Africa. This article aims to explore the unique challenges faced by women in leadership positions within South African higher learning institutions, with a specific focus on the glass cliff phenomenon. Using a qualitative research approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven participants who hold senior positions in HLIs. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and patterns in the data. The findings reveal several persistent barriers faced by women in leadership, including the lack of recognition, gender inequities, and sexism. These barriers impede women’s progression and limit their opportunities for advancement. The study also highlights the significance of executive management in policy implementation and the enhancement of diversity through forums and committees.
The study concludes that while progress has been made, further action is needed to address the identified barriers and promote gender equity. Recommendations include the implementation of a prescribed succession program based on merit, evaluation and monitoring of policy implementation by the Department of Higher Education and Training and providing training and workshops on mentoring and leadership skills for women in leadership positions.
This study contributes to the understanding of the challenges faced by women in leadership roles within HLIs and provides insights for policymakers and institutions to foster an inclusive and equitable environment. It calls for ongoing research and proactive measures to dismantle barriers and create opportunities for women to thrive and excel in leadership positions in the higher education sector.

Can Management Education be Decolonised?

Chimene Nukunah

Abstract
Calls to decolonise higher education became louder for many South African institutions of higher learning during the #FeesMustFall and #RhodesMustFall movements. However, many management scholars have grappled with the ways to decolonise management education. This paper presents six themes that emerged from a dataset of 31 semi-structured interviews with multiple stakeholders in management to chart a path to decolonise management education. In presenting these themes, the aim is to draw attention to key ideas surfaced by participants that are vital to commence the decoloniality process in management education. The study provides an empirical account of the data collection process and then present the six themes that emerged: globalisation and Africanisation, race, meaning and rationale for decolonisation, capitalism, critical pedagogy and lekgotla.

The truth is getting fierce’: Getting to grips with bullshit

Geoff A Goldman, Marius Pretorius

Abstract
Politics has become maimed with deception (a.k.a bullshit) of various kinds and forms. Invisible to but a few observers, its existence is expanding outside this favourable context to enter organisations, academia and more. Many observe the ‘bullshit’ presented to them, but few can ‘call it out’. With both deductive and inductive (narrative) inputs, this paper exposes the requirements of such deceptive communication to qualify as bullshit and proposes the units, relations, boundary conditions and systems states required for a framework to be formulated. It acknowledges the bullshit and the bullshittee but focuses on the bullshitter to enhance understanding of bullshitting as a process. The framework presented proposes that bullshit requires evidence of four constructs, namely incompetence, disregard for the truth, underlying agendas, and the intent to deceive as framework determinant units. Compared to other forms of deceptive communication, it sheds light on establishment of new questions that arise as bullshit becomes clearer to academic researchers. New challenges are exposed that should be faced as bullshit becomes more pronounced in the organisational realm.

Towards a Relational Framework of Practical Wisdom, Flow State, and Intellectual Character for Leading in Dynamic Complexity – An AI-Assisted Critical Interpretive Synthesis

Jacobus H. Oosthuizen

Abstract
This study explores the relationality of practical wisdom, flow state, and intellectual character for leadership in dynamically complex contexts. In a world undergoing rapid, disruptive change, leaders need effective strategies to navigate uncertainty. Introducing AI-assisted Critical Interpretive Synthesis as methodological approach, the neo-Aristotelian model of phronetic moral decision-making, the triarchic theory of cognitive disposition and flow state theory, augmented by self-determination theory served as synthesised theoretical foundation for the study. The advanced AI’s ability to access and analyse vast datasets was merged with the principles of CIS to draw insightful conclusions and generate propositions. The findings offer a relational framework integrating these constructs and a series of practical recommendations for leadership application. Despite limitations, the proposed framework represents a novel theoretical contribution to leadership studies in the face of dynamic complexity. Future research may explore empirical validation of the framework, its potential interactions with other individual and contextual factors, and further investigation of the role of flow state in promoting practical wisdom and cognitive disposition in leadership. The aim is to advance practical wisdom and intellectual character in leadership practitioners navigating our uncertain future.

Digital Leadership: Systematic Literature Review

Sello Mmakau, Tebogo Sethibe

Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution has led to the creation and application of new business models that serve digital consumers at all points of ecosystem interaction, resulting in the emergence of digital leadership. Digital leadership necessitates the development of new digital skills and expertise and the adoption of novel and unconventional working methods and ways of thinking. Despite the relevance of digital leadership across numerous industries, its definition and related dimensions still need to be clarified. The two main objectives of this article were (1) to identify and analyse key dimensions of digital leadership and (2) to develop a conceptual digital leadership model with key dimensions. A systematic literature review methodology was followed. After searching through major academic databases (EBSCOhost, Science Direct, ProQuest, IEEE Xplore, Springer and Google Scholar), covering a wide range of fields, 27 publications analysing digital leadership were discovered. The findings revealed that the most adopted digital leadership dimensions were innovation, collaboration, digital technology, vision, strategy, agility and people. Innovation and collaboration dimensions were each referenced by 70% of the total publications reviewed. Digital technology and vision dimensions were each adopted by 56%, strategy by 44%, and agility by 41%. The people and digital communication dimensions were each embraced by 37% of the total articles analysed. Moreover, more than 56% of the publications describing digital leadership concepts and models were created in Europe while 41% of the models were generated and tested in Asia. Surprisingly, only 4% of the digital leadership models were designed and tested in the United States of America (USA). These findings help advance the understanding of the research area of digital leadership and serve as a benchmark for subsequent studies by outlining the conceptual digital leadership critical dimensions needed to facilitate digital transformation.

The Effects of Post-Covid-19 Environment on Youth’s Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Case of Gauteng

Neo Lekutle, Patrick Ebong Ebewo, Richard Shambare

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of the post-COVID-19 Environment on youth’s entrepreneurial intention in Gauteng province. To test this relationship and attempt to answer the research question, “To what extent does the post-COVID-19 environment influence youths’ entrepreneurial intentions?” a conceptual model that was a replication and extension of Ebewo’s model and supported by the Theory of Planned Behaviour was adopted. Data was collected from 825 youths in the five districts in Gauteng province, through stratified sampling, using a self-administered questionnaire. The results provide evidence that the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention: attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived environmental support directly influence entrepreneurial intention, except perceived entrepreneurial abilities. Participation in entrepreneurship leadership was observed to positively influence youths’ intention to become an entrepreneur by altering their attitude towards entrepreneurship. Furthermore, providing entrepreneurship-specific education can stimulate the youth’s entrepreneurial intentions, thereby prompting them to venture into entrepreneurship. Based on the above, it is recommended that there should be engagements with youth, and prominent entrepreneurs which trainees can gain practical and valuable business lessons from. Policymakers are encouraged to ensure the implementation of regulations that are conducive to business operations.

Analysing the Perception of the Effectiveness of Services Rendered by the Cachet Park City Improvement District

Christo Louw, Johan Jordaan

Abstract
After the local council failed to do so, the Cachet Park City Improvement District renders services to the demarcated area in Potchefstroom. These services include above-the-ground services that the stakeholders of the demarcated area fund. The contribution model is calculated on the property owner’s municipal value divided by the value of all the properties in the demarcated area. The study asked: “What are the perceptions of service users in Cachet Park regarding the services of the City Improvement District?” A qualitative research approach was used. The Hatfield CID model was identified by the Cachet Park CID as a perfect model, with similar stakeholder demographics regarding educational organisations. The Hatfield CID model was included in the study as a starting point, as limited research is available on CIDs in South Africa. Some 28 semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders, including property owners, businesses, service providers and the community. Data analysis identified two themes: successful CID and CID operations, each with categories and sub-categories. The study concluded that stakeholders perceive the Cachet Park CID to render effective services in all areas but beautification. The main reason is that the uptake of membership proves to be a problem and, thus, leads to the funding model that needs to be adapted. The stakeholders notice the change the Cachet Park CID has brought about and experience the security and cleaning services necessary to change the demarcated area into a thriving community.

Exploring the Perceptions of Lab-Based STEM Women Regarding Challenges Facing Female Leaders in an Institution of Higher Learning

Madira Manganyi, Leon Jackson

Abstract
In this 21st century, there has been a massive transformation in the workplace demographics. The global population observed many women entering the workplace, some occupying managerial positions. However, drawing from several studies, women continue to face challenges that hinder their performance in executive positions. This research study aims to comprehensively uncover and elucidate the multifaceted challenges confronting women leaders in higher education while implementing organisational strategies that promote their increased advancement. A qualitative research design using a non-probability convenience sampling addressed the study’s objectives. Twenty-seven (n=27) women working at a university in South Africa answered the open-ended questionnaire.
The findings reveal that most leaders struggle with gender norms and workplace balance. Furthermore, since management positions are frequently temporary, it is possible to return to a research position. Therefore, managers typically need to balance their roles as leaders and researchers. In this regard, the organisation should initiate effective strategies to support women leaders, such as training, mentorship and organisational support. In conclusion, the current study emphasises the challenges of work-family balance in the careers of women scientists in university and the organisational participation in supporting them.

Exploring The Barriers Faced by Women Scientists in their Quest for Leadership Positions at a University in South Africa

Madira Manganyi, Leon Jackson 

Abstract
Despite the massive influx of women entering the workplace, there is still insufficient representation of women in senior roles in science and technology, especially in universities. In response, the present study explores the difficulties women in academia face in advancing their careers and what they can do. A qualitative approach with non-probability convenience sampling was used to reach the objectives of this study. Twenty-seven (n=27) women working at a university in South Africa answered the open-ended questionnaire.
The findings show and pinpoint several obstacles that prevent women from achieving managerial leadership positions in universities. Self-esteem, gender bias and norms, discrimination, corporate policies, and educational requirements are a few of these hindrances. In addition, academic contexts illustrate the effect of individual aptitudes and motivations, working environments, organisational interventions, policy approaches, and career development practices. Mentorship and academic career development were among the important subjects noted. It is worth noting that soft skills training and on-the-job training are fundamental tools for improvement. Women must undergo self-development and obtain skills, competencies, capacities, abilities, and expertise. Considering all this, the present study highlights numerous barriers women face and developmental key areas that need attention.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Implementation of Strategic Decisions by Soes in Namibia

Frednard Gideon, Johan Jordaan, Ronnie Lotriet

Abstract
Service delivery is increasingly becoming essential in the process of solving societal challenges all over the world. The study focuses on the importance of strategic planning in managing the Namibian SOEs in delivering service to the citizens. Adopting strategic plans is used in businesses to streamline decisions and resources; thus, the study evaluates the effectiveness of implementing strategic decisions by public sector enterprises in Namibia. The Namibian government experiences performance challenges in most SOEs due to poor accountability measures, procurement anomalies, corruption and financial bailout burden to the state. In other dimensions, other challenges are associated with the coordination of SOEs. These challenges prompted a study that considers commercial SOEs and why we have chosen them because they are expected to operate as self–sustainable entities to deliver effective and efficient services on behalf of the government generate the much–needed revenue and create employment. The study attempts to establish the extent to which SOEs in Namibia conduct strategic planning. The operations of SOEs are guided by their strategic plans and determine factors that enhance the implementation of strategic decisions.

The Amazing Race Team Building for Business School Students

Margaret Cullen, Andre Calitz, Michelle Mey

Abstract
One of the key contributing factors towards a competent management and administration style is team building. Teams are instrumental in implementing organisational goals and achieving outcomes. Team building is an important catalyst in the organisational relations between individuals. Teams are defined as two or more individuals inter-acting dynamically, interdependently and adaptively toward a common goal, with each member having a specific role to fill within the boundary of the team. Most post graduate business school (PGBS) programmes promote teamwork as a crucial part of the learning experience. The diversity of the teams adds to the strength of the learning environment. The teams (groups) work together to master the concepts taught in class with each team member contributing unique expertise as the team collaborate on projects and assignments.
The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a team building intervention for business school syndicate groups, using the Amazing Race format. This study followed a mixed method approach. 65 respondents participated in the study. The independent factors Group Cohesion, Group Processes, Group Goal setting and Group Efficacy positively affected the Amazing Race team building event. The findings indicate that the majority enjoyed the team building event and that they learned to work with their fellow group members. The event fast tracked the forming stage of team development.

Exploring the Existence of a High-Performance Culture in a State-Owned Enterprise and its Impact on Organisational Performance

Maria Caroline Thebe, Ushe Makambe, Nobukhosi Dlodlo

Abstract
Any organisation that endeavours to survive in today’s globally competitive business environment should inculcate a high-performance culture. This study, therefore, sought to establish the existence of a high-performance culture, or otherwise, at a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) in Botswana and the effects it had on the organisation’s performance. A quantitative research approach was employed whence data were collected through a structured questionnaire. A sample of 100 employees of the SEO participated in the study with a 77% response rate. The data were analysed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of the study revealed that the leadership of the corporation was not releasing information timeously while the organisation’s strategy was not being shared effectively with the rest of the employees. Furthermore, it was established that the selected SOE did not have a clear policy on learning and improvement that could benefit all employees. The findings of this study will be significant to the internal stakeholders since their application can enhance the organisation’s performance. The management of the organisation can use these findings to revamp the existing organisational culture to boost the performance of the SOE through the establishment and sustenance of a high-performance culture.

Black Tax: Realities of the Emerging Middle-Class South African Citizens

Mbongeni Mshengu, Chimene Nukunah

Abstract
The colloquial term black tax is commonly used in South Africa to describe the financial support provided by Black middle class to their immediate and extended family members. In this study, a generic qualitative strategy is used to investigate the lived experiences of the Black middle-class citizens of South Africa regarding the effects of black tax on their ability to save, invest and create wealth. The findings suggest that while Black middle-class citizens subscribe to Ubuntu a term which is in direct contract to black tax, the lack of funds and poor financial literacy makes it difficult to save, invest and create wealth.

A Value Alignment Smart Municipality Stakeholder Model

Anthea van der Hoogen, Margaret Cullen, Andre P Calitz, Lamla Luke

Abstract
Digital transformation integrates technology into all business areas, fundamentally changing how businesses operate and deliver value to their clients. Digital Transformation in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, has provided municipalities with a learning opportunity to change into data-driven smart municipalities to increase productivity, growth, and employment supported by the need for people with a variety of skills. A Value Alignment Smart City Stakeholder Model (VASCS) model was created in previous research and identified nine dimensions of a smart city, namely Smart Economy, Smart Environment, Smart Governance, Smart Living, Smart Mobility, Smart Organisation, Smart People, Smart Policies and Smart Technology.
The objective of this study was to propose and evaluate a similar Value Alignment Smart Municipality Stakeholder Model (VASMS) for municipalities in the Eastern Cape. The nine dimensions were empirically evaluated by stakeholders in four Eastern Cape municipalities. The results depict a change towards the importance of developing a smart municipality in the four municipalities, while following appropriate planning, designing, management, operations and governance guidelines. The respondents regarded the smart policy dimension as the most important dimension in the proposed VASMS Model. This study further provided practical guidelines for the adoption of smart municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province of S.A.

A Proposed Corporate Governance Conceptual Model for Effective Non-Financial Performance of State-Owned Enterprises

Sandra Perks, Janine Krüger, Lameck Odada

Abstract
Small and Medium Enterprises including SOEs disregard the importance of corporate governance. However, practising corporate governance is vital in ensuring long-term economic performance of businesses and countries especially if managing in the international and multifaceted environment. No comprehensive conceptual model exists that include corporate governance determinants from a global perspective without favouring either the Anglo-American or Continental-European models. In addition, limited evidence exists regarding the corporate governance determinants applicable for SOEs while there is lack of focus on the development of a conceptual model to test the relationship between corporate governance determinants and effective non-financial business performance.
A qualitative desk multi-theory research approach was adopted in this study. Extant literature studies from both company and SOE perspectives were included as the application of corporate governance principles in SOEs is still under-research in developing countries. The inclusion of corporate governance determinants that were considered in company context in the proposed conceptual model also increased the generalisability of the findings beyond SOEs. The proposed conceptual model was developed by including determinants regardless of the favoured corporate governance models, whether being conducted amongst companies or SOEs, or within a developing or developed country.

Market Needs Analysis for a Turnkey Project Based Organisation in the Eastern Cape – South Africa

Margaret Cullen, Andre P. Calitz, Stefan Buys

Abstract
Today’s competitive business environment forces organisations to rush to introduce new products and services neglecting to analyse the market to ensure that they fully understand and can satisfy its needs. This research was undertaken to explore the problem of understanding customer needs for new products to be successful, thereby capitalising on the available growth potential. The aim of this paper is to advance the current understanding of the Customer Value Proposition (CVP) of Turnkey Project Based Organisations (PBOs) by performing a systematic analysis of the determinants of customer value. An exploratory quantitative method was utilised using literature and case study components to test hypotheses. The empirical study consisted of surveys (questionnaires) completed by various customers and employees of a company in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarise the data.
The paper presents a model for evaluating of the CVP for Turnkey PBOs. Key findings from the statistical analysis include the strong influence that Relational Characteristics have on the perceived value offering of a Turnkey PBO. Factors that have a significant correlation with perceived value than others were identified as Supplier Commitment, Benefits, Supplier Flexibility, Joint Working and Brand Equity. In addition, employees of the organisation rate the Trust and Supplier Commitment factors of the organisation’s value offering higher than Customers do, which means that internally the organisation believes it is performing better in terms of Trust and Supplier Commitment than their customers do. The practical implication is that the organisation needs to adjust their value offering as Customers assign higher importance to the various Supplier Characteristics than the organisation’s employees do.

Implications of Load Shedding to Small and Medium Businesses: A Case of South Africa

Gibson Muridzi, Shepherd Dhliwayo

Abstract
Load shedding in South Africa has affected small and medium businesses and the public in general since 2008. The purpose of this study is to provide implication of load shedding to small and medium businesses in South Africa. The study was motivated by the need to come up with solutions that addresses challenges of load shedding in South Africa. PRISMA framework was therefore used to perform the systematic literature review. A total of 153 corresponding articles were identified from Scopus Database and 48 papers were then retained for review.
The study found out that small and medium businesses need to invest in alternative renewable sources of energy to keep their operations running during load shedding periods. The study also found out that load shedding leads to job losses and in turn results in lower spending, and further negatively affecting the economic growth of the country. This study therefore contributes to some theoretical aspects by proving some insights on how renewable energy can be promoted. Practical contribution of the study is the development of framework that promotes the use of renewable energy for vibrant small and medium businesses that increase economic activities given the challenges of load shedding.

Unlocking Competitiveness in SMEs: An Analysis of the Role of Digitalisation.

Amukelani Mathebula, Thembelani Mlilo

Abstract
Digitalisation is a factor that is rapidly changing the competitive scale of the business environment. This research paper illuminates the transformative role of digitalisation in enhancing the competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). It examines the potential benefits of digital technologies for SMEs, such as improved efficiency and innovation, while acknowledging the challenges they face in adopting digitalisation strategies. By harnessing a systematic literature review, the study delves into the benefits of digitalisation on SME competitiveness, identifies drivers and barriers to adoption, and proposes vital strategies for improving competitiveness.
The findings accentuate the need for embracing digital technologies, nurturing digital skills, strengthening cybersecurity, and advocating for supportive policies, thus providing valuable insights for SME owners, industry practitioners, and academic researchers. The paper concludes by suggesting future research avenues, including exploring industry-specific digital impacts and understanding the long-term effects of digitalisation. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of embracing digital technologies and developing digital talent to enhance competitiveness in SMEs.

Adaptive Workforces: An Investigation into the Gig Economy’s Influence on SME Employment Trends and Strategies

Thembelani Mlilo, Shepherd Dhliwayo, Victoria Adekomaya

Abstract
This research article conducts a meticulous Systematic Literature Review (SLR) on the influence of the gig economy on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), analysing 258 papers. It demonstrates that SMEs are increasingly utilising gig workers to foster a more dynamic, innovative workforce, while also streamlining hiring practices. However, challenges like quality control and legal complications arise in managing this new type of labour force.
The study calls attention to a research gap: existing literature heavily leans on quantitative methods and lacks robust conceptual frameworks. To fill this void, the article advocates for more comprehensive research using diverse methodologies and sector-specific examinations. The findings emphasise that SMEs can effectively navigate the gig economy’s complexities by being innovative, tech-savvy, and well-informed on labour laws.

Optimising Project Management for SMEs in Infrastructure Development: A Hybrid Approach and Practical Recommendations.

Ayanda Sibiya, Johan Jordaan

Abstract
Introduction: South Africa’s economic growth and development rely heavily on infrastructure development projects the government prioritises. However, this sector’s small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often struggle with inadequate project management processes, hindering their effectiveness and economic contributions. The main problem is SMEs’ insufficient implementation of project management methodologies in infrastructure development projects, negatively impacting project outcomes and restricting their economic contributions.
Preliminary Literature Review: Existing research highlights the significance of effective project management practices for SMEs in infrastructure projects. Challenges such as time delays and cost overruns have been identified. Traditional and agile project management approaches are emphasised to address the complexities and uncertainties in infrastructure development projects.
Envisaged Research Design and Methodology: A literature review was conducted to evaluate project management methodologies implemented by SMEs in South African infrastructure development projects. The aim is to identify areas for improvement, address SMEs’ insufficient implementation of project management practices and enhance their effectiveness and economic contributions.
Preliminary Findings: Preliminary findings show that the notion of project management as a discipline is vital for SMEs working on infrastructure projects, as its absence or non-observance hinders the growth and sustainability of organisations intended to make substantial contributions to the economy and generate employment. The effective administration of infrastructure projects impacted by internal and external variables is influenced and enhanced by a hybrid project management model for SMEs in infrastructure development. Conclusions and Recommendations: A conceptual hybrid project management model for infrastructure development projects can increase project value by driving change while improving and strengthening client engagement through employing agile project management components to increase the likelihood of the success of infrastructure development projects.

Systemic Risk in The South African Banking System: Does Size Matter?

John-Baptiste Mabejane

Abstract
This study analyses systemic risk in the South African banking industry. It examines the role of bank size in determining whether a bank is a liquidity shock transmitter or receiver in the banking network. The study finds Standard Bank is the most diminutive liquidity risk receiver, and Investec is the least liquidity transmitter. It shows that Investec and FirstRand are the biggest liquidity risk receivers and that ABSA, Nedbank and FirstRand are the network’s most prominent transmitters of liquidity risk. It further finds that bank size is not critical in determining a bank’s systemic risk transmission position in the bank network. The results of the study suggest that the bank’s management and regulators should pay attention to ABSA, Nedbank and FirstRand as the three banks are the most systemically influential in the South African banking network.

Investigating the Effects of Adopting 4IR Technologies in South African Retail Industry to Enhance Business Competitive Advantage

Sefeoluwa Oluwarotimi Badaru, Tandiswa Ngxukumeshe, Jobo Dubihlela

Abstract
This paper investigates the effects of adopting Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies in South African retail industry with the aim of enhancing business competitive advantage. The study acknowledges the growing significance of 4IR technologies in transforming retail.
The research approach employed in this study is primarily conceptual, drawing upon relevant literature and theoretical frameworks to explore the potential benefits and challenges associated with adopting 4IR technologies in retail. The paper found that there is a digital gap in South Africa, linked to poor literacy levels and limited income, which creates a situation where retailers choose not to pursue digital advancements due to exclusion of portions of the population that comprise the bulk of their customer base. This is further exacerbated by the cost of data and limited access to internet, leading to sluggish efforts of implementing 4IR technologies to improve customer experience.
The implications of this study are twofold. Firstly, it provides a foundation for future empirical investigations that can delve into the practical implementation and outcomes of adopting 4IR technologies in the retail industry. Secondly, it aims to supplement the existing literature by offering conceptual insights and theoretical perspectives to guide scholars and researchers in further exploring this topic.

Middle-Income Black South African Professionals’ Intention to Seek Financial Planning Assistance

Sinaye Akhumzi Mtimba

Abstract
Globally, the middle-income household has been the fastest growing segment in the market for financial advice. This trend has been reflected in South Africa, as seen by an increase in the black middle-class population but despite that it has remained underserved. This study aimed, therefore, to investigate the factors that influence middle-income black South African professionals’ intention to seek financial planning assistance in the Eastern Cape Province. There is a distinct lack of academic literature done on the middle-income black South African professionals in relation to financial planning. This study explored the views of the middle-income black South African professionals on six factors, namely, attitude, awareness, family financial norms, financial self-efficacy, perceived rewards, and trust. Statistical analyses including assessing validity and reliability, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product moment correlation and multiple regression analysis were undertaken. Based on the results, the study showed a significant relationship between the independent variables: attitude, awareness and perceived rewards and the dependent variable, intention to seek financial planning assistance. The research therefore present conclusions and recommendations to provide a wider reach to the middle-income black South African professionals and improving financial education as well as how financial service providers can improve value added service.

The Making of a Management Mastermind: The Career Development of Peter Drucker

Roelf van Niekerk, Bridget de Villiers, Yolandi-Eloïse Fontaine

Abstract
Peter Drucker (1909-2005), an Austrian-American writer, consultant, academic and mentor has been described as the founder of modern business management and the world’s most influential and prolific management thinker. His writings transformed business management and established it as an international discipline. Although Drucker died two decades ago, biographical and management literature continue to attract attention and invite research into his life and work. This psychobiography used the Greenhaus career development lens to investigate Drucker’s life history. Drucker was purposively selected as the subject due to his extraordinary contributions to management theory and practice. Primary and secondary documentary data was collected and interpreted during the study. The findings indicate remarkable alignment between the age categories proposed by the Greenhaus framework and Drucker’s career development stages. Although the findings relating to Drucker’s occupational and organisational choice stage are noteworthy, significant differences were noted only in terms of his late career stage. The study contributes to the legacy of Drucker, applies and verifies career development theory in practice, and underscores the importance of longitudinal studies in the career development of extraordinary individuals. Lastly, the study highlights the value of careerographies in business management research, theory development, practice, and training.

Challenges Facing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Accessing Private Equity and Venture Capital Financing in Windhoek, Namibia

Christine Aitana, Tendai Douglas Svotwa

Abstract
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the engines of economic growth, propelling job creation, industry developments and innovation. However, there are major challenges facing MSMEs in accessing the much-needed financing from VC and PE financiers. Using a qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews, this study explored major challenges facing MSMEs in accessing equity financing in Khomas Region, Namibia. Various MSMEs owners and owner-managers, as well as VCs and PEs financiers were interviewed to solicit their views on the subject. The main findings indicate that factors such as information asymmetry, poor MSME investment readiness and awareness, adverse selection and moral hazards, high risks and uncertainties as well as investments management challenges are some of the contributing elements to inability to access VC and PE financing. The data collected were categorised into various themes and sub-themes based on the frequency and relevance of the data provided by the participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the information, draw out conclusions and proffer recommendations for consideration by MSME and relevant stakeholders. The study greatly contributes to the MSME financing field as it unpacked the challenges faced by MSMEs in accessing equity financing in Namibia and further provides recommendations and areas for future research.

Assessing the Impact of Corporate Social Investment Initiatives on Community Development: A Case Study of the Automotive Company SEED Programme in Gauteng, RSA

Senzo Ngcobo, Kamogelo Letsoalo, Asma Sheik, Tosin Bello

Abstract
The article aims to assess the overall impact of the Automotive Company SEED Programme’s Corporate Social Investment (CSI) initiatives on community development. It addresses research questions related to the identification and implementation of CSI initiatives, indicators for assessing community development through social entrepreneurship, education and environmental protection, specific outcomes, community perceptions, and challenges faced by the Automotive Company (ACo.) SEED Programme. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach, utilizing interviews and document analysis to collect data. It examines the CSI initiatives within the SEED Programme and their impact on community development. A purposive sample was used to select 20 participants.
The Automotive Company SEED Programme revealed CSI initiatives through strategic partnerships, financial investments, and skills development projects, aiming to improve livelihoods, social capital, education access, and environmental sustainability. Research emphasises holistic approaches, stakeholder engagement, and outcome-oriented measurement framework for impactful community development CSI program. This study adds to existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive examination of the impact of CSI initiatives on community development within the context of the Automotive Company SEED Programmed. It addresses research gaps and advances understanding of the outcomes, challenges, and best practices in implementing CSI initiatives.

Smaller Business Owner Perspectives on Some Business Challenges in the Historically Significant Township Economy of Sharpeville

Ronnie Lotriet, Mpho Mosia

Abstract
Unemployment in South Africa has been a problem for many years. In combat, the South African government introduced a National Development Plan to create at least 24 million jobs and R120,000 income per capita. By 2030, 90% of these jobs will in small, medium, and micro enterprises. One key initiative was for the townships’ businesses to engage in the township economy revitalisation programs. This study aims to analyse the socio-economic challenges of business owners as potential job creators and investigate the different factors that hinder the success of businesses in their areas. A qualitative research design targeted business owners within the township of Sharpeville. The target population included very small to small businesses; no medium-sized businesses participated.
The study shows that township business owners face several challenges that need careful assessment. These challenges include factors such as lack of support and capital and competition from foreign-owned businesses, culture, and historical backgrounds. The research also showed that there is potential for township businesses to create employment and be self-sustainable, and there is a need for investment in this area. Suggested recommendations were made for relevant stakeholders but implementing policy changes for a more conducive business environment are of utmost importance for these types of businesses to grow and develop.

Addressing the Challenges Faced by Small and Medium Enterprises in Mpumalanga Province

Edward Rankhumise, Portia Tlad

Abstract
The pursuit of growth and sustainability is a recipe for the success of SMEs globally. SME owner-managers ordinarily experience obstacles that hamper the prosperity of their businesses. It was, therefore, prudent to carry out the study to understand how the owner-managers view the challenges and how they can provide solutions. The purpose of the study is to determine challenges faced by small businesses in Mpumalanga province and provide probable solutions. In this study, a quantitative research method was used and was cross-sectional in nature. A total of 385 questionnaires were personally distributed to the SME owner-managers and a total of 101 were returned. Stata version 15 was used to analyse data.
The study revealed most of the respondents highlighted that financial support is very important for start-ups. It also emerged that business mentoring and consulting are important resolving the challenges faced by SME owner-managers. The respondents found business incubators to be important to assist them in flourishing in their business endeavours. The findings indicate that government support is important for the success of businesses. It further emerged that planning in business operations is important to avert the challenges that SMEs experience.

Factors Influencing Adoption and Diffusion of Digitalisation in the Mobile Telecommunications Industry

Bheki Sithole, Elma van der Lingen

Abstract
The objective of the paper is to identify and give clarity concerning the factors that influence the adoption and diffusion of digitalisation in the mobile telecommunications industry during the fourth industrial revolution (4IR). Further, telecommunication stakeholders are provided with a tool to assist with strategic decision-making. A quantitative research approach was followed. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to professionals in the South African telecommunications industry and data analysed by regression and factor analysis. The results indicated that the confirmed factors under digitalisation benefits, organisational context, external environment, leadership, and digitalisation strategy have a positive influence on the adoption and diffusion of digitalisation, whereas digitalisation barriers have a negative influence. A chief digital officer’s role plays a mitigating part in digitalisation barriers and the digitalisation strategy has a positive influence on digitalisation benefits. The research contributes to the gap found in the literature by addressing the adoption and diffusion of digitalisation specifically in the mobile telecommunications industry in South Africa. The findings also led to recommendations assembled to help stakeholders/managers to make informed decisions when embarking on a digitalisation journey.

Unveiling Gender Disparities: A Comparative Study of Monetary Policy Effects on Employment and Output in the South African Economy

Kariena Strydom, Abiola John Asaleye, Kai-Uwe Wellner

Abstract
South Africa has undergone significant changes in its monetary policy framework, primarily oriented toward ensuring economic stability with limited attention to employment outcomes. The study investigates both the short and long-run impact of monetary policy on output and gender-specific employment using the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) framework. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used to examine the shock effect. The short-run ARDL results show that when employment serves as the dependent variable, money supply is positively related to employment, and interest rate is negatively related to employment. Conversely, when output is considered the dependent variable, the money supply is not statistically significant in the short run. However, domestic credit to the private sector has a positive relationship with output, while the interest rate is negatively related. In the long run, money supply has a positive relationship with output, but domestic credit to the private sector is negatively linked to productivity. Notably, the forecast error shock of the monetary policy indicators has greater variability in influencing productivity than employment. Furthermore, the monetary policy indicators affect female employment more than male employment. The study recommends improving techniques for capital management employing monetary policy instruments, especially money supply, to promote both short and long-term employment. Additionally, the implementation of targeted policies to promote female employment.

Perceived Usefulness of Technology in a Contact Centre Environment: A Case of a Public Sector

Semakaleng Portia Mabotja, Sharol Sibongile Mkhomazi

Abstract
In order for Government to improve public service delivery and to be transparent, the services of a Contact Centre are pivotal. The Contact Centre Industry is one of the fastest growing globally and it has become a vital foundation for businesses to communicate with customers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of technology in a Contact Centre environment.
Questionnaires were self-administered. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed for the analysis of data. The findings highlighted that the usefulness of technology in a Contact Centre have a high degree of influence on the excellence of service results. The findings further confirm the fact that many service failures arise due to the lack of training provided to employees regarding the technology.
The study suggests Departments and Organisations take training seriously since it is crucial in the Contact Centre. It is concluded that the use of technology within the Contact Centre has changed the way tasks are performed. Having useful technological tools in the Contact Centre sector makes working conditions simpler, staff more efficient and this results in providing quality customer service.

Exploring the Implementation of the European Union–Southern African Development Community Economic Partnership Agreement by Namibian Beef Companies

Vinia Ndakondja, Peta Thomas

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the implementation of the European Union–Southern African Development Community Economic Partnership Agreement (EU-SADC EPA) by Namibian beef companies. The study sought to answer how the Namibian beef companies manage the EU-SADC EPA with regard to the value it creates for Namibia. This research applied the use of a qualitative methodology employing one-on-one in-depth interviews with purposively selected participants who had knowledge of the application of EU-SADC EPA either through exporting beef via the agreement or by management of the agreement. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis techniques. A key finding of this study was that, because of the competitiveness of the Namibian beef production systems in the European market, Namibia’s beef industry can realise substantial returns from the EU market.

The Role of Strategy and Technology at a South African Clinical Laboratory

Blessing Kadira, Dirk Rossouw, Maria Bounds

Abstract
Clinical laboratories are integral to the clinical research industry for the development of new drugs. Historically, clinical laboratories in developed countries have done all specialised testing for clinical research purposes. The more specialised diagnostic testing has been referred to clinical laboratories in the developed countries from the developing countries. This is owing to the unavailability of specialists or the relevant equipment and reagents to carry out these procedures in the latter countries. Theorists have found that the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has brought technology to the doorstep of developing nations. Given this context, the study sought to explore the role of strategy and technology at a clinical laboratory in South Africa to attract more medical research and routine diagnostic testing. This study followed an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative enquiry, supported by a case study strategy. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews of 20 purposively selected stakeholders from the clinical laboratory. Conventional content analysis was applied to create codes, categories and themes. Their responses showed that a clinical laboratory can be more viable with 4IR-driven technology and a purpose driven strategy.

Comparing long-term Financial and Non-Financial Success Factors of German and USA Hidden Champions

Kai-Uwe Wellner, Simson Musante

Abstract
This paper explores publicly listed Hidden Champion companies in Germany and the United States and compares them by using a variety of financial and non-financial KPIs to gauge their relative success. Three companies are analysed in-depth from each country respectively. In Germany, there are the companies LPKF Laser & Electronics, Sto SE and Nordex. In the USA the companies are Intevac, Graham Corp and Tel-Instruments Electronics Corp. In order to compare the companies, a case study is used that analyses public companies and filters them down to a list of likely Hidden Champion companies. These companies were then scored with a “scorecard” that uses Hidden Champion academic literature to determine the possible success factors of Hidden Champions. Both countries have similarly successful Hidden Champions based on the research. A larger company sample size should be used in further research to create more robust conclusions on the possible success factor thresholds.

ChatGPT: The New MBA Student in your Class

Andre P. Calitz, Margaret Cullen

Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning Information Technology applications have the ability to learn, adapt and make decisions. AI tools are increasingly used in business and personal applications. The Technology Acceptance Model is generally used when new technologies are introduced, however with AI, the AI Device Use Acceptance (AIDUA) model explains customers’ willingness to accept AI technologies. The latest generative AI tools have disrupted and transformed the education sector globally. ChatGPT, one of the large language model (LLMs) platforms, has challenged and changed the educational landscape for educators and students. ChatGPT passed a MBA Operational Management module exam in 2022 in the USA. The research question addressed in this paper was can ChatGPT pass MBA modules in South Africa?
The 2022 examination papers for MBA modules from different Business Schools in South Africa were presented to ChatGPT, answers were generated and marked by the specific course examiners. ChatGPT passed 12 of the 15 modules. The feedback provided by the examiners was that ChatGPT successfully provided facts, however when new case studies were used, the application could not produce correct answers nor insight and application. Presently, none of the academics at South African Business Schools indicated that they are using ChatCGPT in their courses. This paper provides educational guidelines for the use of ChatGPT in educational programmes. This is the first study of this nature conducted in South Africa.

Leadership Training for Millennials at South African Business Schools

Carolyn Easton, Renier Steyn

Abstract
In the workplace, millennials have emerged as the new leadership pipeline following the retirement of baby boomers, yet there appears to be a lack of specialised leadership development for this generation. The aim of this research was to determine what leadership training at South African business schools entails, and to assess whether such training is aligned with what millennials want. The document review conducted on leadership training for millennials was undertaken by means of a Google desktop search, focusing on the online brochures posted by South African business schools. These were compared with the findings from a literature review of research into millennials’ expectations of training and development. The comparison between what is on offer, and what is expected, revealed a gap in the personalised and specialised leadership training and development millennial leaders are looking for. In addition, some of their training needs appeared to fall outside the scope of the business schools’ offerings. For that reason, it has become crucial to offer millennial leaders specialised leadership training and development programmes which meet their unique needs.

Making Work or Making it Work: Generation Z Redefines the Hustle Culture

Thea Tselepis

Abstract
The ‘hustle culture’ is a phenomenon that is embraced by Generation Z. Generation Z is hustling for economic survival, but those who are in their early careers are also choosing to take part in by the so-called ‘quiet quitting’ movement (disengaging) to pursue their own passion projects on the side. What this ‘hustle culture’ entails from an entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship point of view is unclear. This paper aims to explore ‘hustle culture’ as it relates to Generation Z and their entrepreneuring to make recommendations for entrepreneurship education. A qualitative approach was used to explore 34 media sources that were trending between 2020 and 2023 around the ‘hustle culture’ of Generation Z. Two main themes were identified from the data set: 1) making work and 2) making it work. Findings indicate that Generation Z is redefining ‘the hustle’ to make their work-life balance work for them and also to create meaningful jobs. Implications for entrepreneurship education are that skills and competencies around problem solving that enable students to innovatively balance work and life may be required for current and future entrepreneuring.

Applying Mindfulness when Leading a University

Zukiswa Mancoba

Abstract
The higher education sector, like various other fraternities, is a multifaceted professional setting. While there may be variations regarding the population and enrolment numbers, as well as different goals among educational institutions, the typical university in South Africa is expected to cater to a diverse range of students and academic interests. These include providing college-level, undergraduate, postgraduate studies, and conducting applied and basic research. At the heart of these multifaceted institutions lies the esteemed executive leadership serving as the driving force behind teaching, scholarly activities, as well as community outreach, inter alia. At times, these leaders may encounter challenges in effectively balancing these diverse and competing interests. This paper, therefore, focuses on university leadership, paying special attention to the leadership roles that leaders play in their respective institutions. The workspace in higher education is dynamic and demanding, which necessitates some form of change to balance work with personal life. This study presents a conceptual framework regarding how mindfulness can be applied by higher education institutions’ leadership. Mindfulness is a meta-skill that can modify fundamental aspects of leadership, including self-awareness, flexibility, and emotion regulation.

Coaching in Higher Education: Experiences of Mid-Career Leaders

Carel D. Jansen van Vuuren, Marieta du Plessis, Jose. Frantz

Abstract
Higher education (HE) is continuously changing. In this context, universities need to capacitate academics with the required skills, attitudes and resilience. The University of the Western Cape has embarked on a leadership development initiative that includes coaching to capacitate and support mid-career academics as research leaders. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive research design was utilised with purposive sampling, as only the participants of the relevant leadership development programme were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data. This paper investigated how academics experience receiving coaching and their perceived personal benefits of leadership development. The subjective cognitive and emotional learning manifested, firstly, in personality profiling and, secondly, in coaching resolving unique challenges experienced by the participants. Four distinct thematic areas of benefits emerged from the research findings, namely self-awareness, empowerment to work with others, advantages in the workplace and personal life advantages. The research contributes insights into the advantages of employing coaching in leadership development programmes. The research findings suggest distinct advantages for HE institutions to employ coaching as an integral component of leadership development.

Sustainability Management: A Key Future Competence in Business Education

Adri Drotskie

Abstract
Sustainable development is key to any nation or organisation, leading to a competitive advantage and value creation in a strategic context. Sustainability is dealt with on a macro (economic, social and environmental) and a micro (economic, social and governance (ESG)) level within the complex and uncertain new world of work and living. Leaders and managers need to acquire the competence and expertise in sustainability management as it is seen as one of the most important jobs of the future. The purpose of this study is to indicate the relevance and importance of sustainability in business today and investigate examples of business education in this field. A literature review and case study were analysed through content analysis and themes and findings were identified. The main finding is that higher education institutions need to focus on sustainability and provide business education to develop competences in this very important field of study.

Determinants of Corporate Disclosure and Transparency Practices in Zimbabwean Companies

Merwe Oberholzer, Chakanetsa Patrick Korera, Danie Schutte

Abstract
The study aimed to determine the association between the disclosure and transparency practices of Zimbabwean companies and 13 selected determinant factors, which are seven board characteristic variables and six company-specific attributes. The study was performed on annual reports of 35 ZSE listed companies for three years using a content analysis. A self-developed corporate governance disclosure and transparency index, based on the National Code on Corporate Governance Zimbabwe (NCCGZ), was used to evaluate the levels of disclosure and transparency. A panel regression analysis was used to test the association hypotheses. This study found that board ownership, company age and liquidity enhance the extent of disclosure and transparency. Within the context of stakeholder theory, the three identified determinants could be vehicles to enhance interrelationships between companies and their stakeholders. The originality is that this study is the first to address the gap to determine the association between a sustainability-oriented composite disclosure and transparency index and seven board characteristic variables and six company-specific attributes. The value thereof is it provides evidence to indicate which factors and to what extent they promote disclosure and transparency.

Political Trust, Service Delivery Satisfaction and Corruption Victimisation by Law Enforcement Employees

Petronella Jonck

Abstract
Service delivery within the South African context is a debated topic, followed by the prevalence of corruption and the erosion of political trust undermining democracy. The purpose of the study was to investigate the nexus between political trust, service delivery satisfaction and corruption victimisation. Secondary quantitative data obtained from Statistics South Africa were utilised in the reported research. The Governance, Public Safety and Justice Survey was implemented as a measuring instrument, yielding a final sample of 21 190 participants. By means of correlation analysis and structural equation modelling, the nexus between the mentioned constructs was investigated.
The results indicated that 45.6% of the variance in service delivery satisfaction could be attributed to political trust, while corruption victimisation reverted a statistically significant positive correlation with service delivery satisfaction. This might suggest that corruption victimisation has become socially accepted behaviour. The theoretical contribution of the research centres on addressing an identified lacuna in the corpus of knowledge, notably the influence of political trust and corruption victimisation within the South African context. Practically, service delivery protests could be attributed to a lack of political trust. Future research endeavours should investigate the nexus in greater detail and possibly expand the study.

Analysing Lecturers’ Experiences on Training and Development Needs during Covid-19

Nelda Mouton, Lorraine Rajagopaul, Verona, Leendertz

Abstract
Covid-19 affected lecturers at Higher Education Institutions in many ways and has not only forced HEIs to teach online, but also to make use of virtual education. This resulted in research that focuses on the training and development (T&D) of lecturers, which also includes the experiences of lecturers during the Covid-19 period. The objectives focus on the preparedness and willingness of lecturers to learn new skills and strategies to support lecturers in order to provide sufficient T&D opportunities. The researchers further employed exploratory research to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under investigation, as it allowed for the exploration of new ideas, concepts, and potential relationships. Purposeful and convenience sampling strategies were selected to determine the sample.
Eight Centres for Teaching and Learning (CTL) staff from eight different HEIs in South Africa, who trained lecturers to use the LMS, were included in the population for the qualitative approach. Analytical, inductive reasoning was used to analyse the qualitative data. The recommendations included that it is necessary to improve LMS user-friendliness and that regular usability testing is necessary. Higher Education Institutions severely felt the impact of Covid-19 on the one hand, but on the other hand, strategies to overcome many obstacles led to new ways of thinking and programme offering within Higher Education.

The Academic Performance of MBA Marketing Management Students During Full Contact, Full Online and Hybrid Classes

Christo Bisschoff

Abstract
This seven-year longitudinal marketing education study evaluates three academic delivery modes for the Executive MBAs in their Marketing Management module, namely full contact (2017-2019), full online during Covid-19’s hard lockdown (2020-2021), and hybrid (2022-2023). The study aims to determine if the delivery mode significantly influences students’ academic performance. One-way ANOVA identified significant differences between the delivery modes for individual assignments, group case studies, and the final portfolio of evidence (Exam).
Post-hoc tests showed that students performed significantly better during the hybrid delivery mode in individual assignments, while full online had lower marks for the group case studies. Both the hybrid and full contact modes showed significant sequential improvement for the group case studies, doing better in each case study as the semester progressed. This differs from full online teaching. The hybrid mode also fared significantly better in the examination and final module marks and outperformed full-contact classes.

Views of Digital Transformation at a South African Higher Education Institution to Enable Effective Administrative Systems

Jacobus Kotze, Johan Coetzee, Rita Niemann

Abstract
Digital transformation has become imperative in Higher Education Institutions to address the evolving needs of students, staff and stakeholders. This research paper explores the digital transformation of administrative systems at a South African Higher Education Institution. Furthermore, it examines the reasons behind the need for the digital transformation of administrative solutions regarding staff and customer experiences, accessibility, financial sustainability, management and governance.
The authors used a case study design using a qualitative investigation by employing interviews to explore the views of a Higher Education Institution’s staff on implementing digital transformation initiatives, resulting in management recommendations. Accounting for such insights, South African Higher Education Institutions, or anywhere else, can navigate the digital landscape successfully and effectively leverage technology to enhance their operations, better serve their stakeholders and adapt to thrive in a changing educational landscape.

A Cognitive Approach to Simulating Human Behaviour for Assessing Security Risk

Natsai Masamvu, Karen Bradshaw

Abstract
Traditionally network security has focussed on building more secure and more powerful intrusion prevention systems to protect against information security threats. Ironically, it has been shown in numerous studies that human beings are the weakest link in any security breach.
Theoretical studies in psychology and information security suggest that there is a relationship between an individual’s personality traits amongst other variables, and that individual’s security behaviour. This study aims to simulate human security behaviour to gain a better understanding of how individual factors of personality traits relate to success or failure of software engineered attacks.
An agent-based model is created, with individual agent’s behaviour represented using a set of static and dynamic properties comprising the agent’s personality, which is one of the core variables underpinning behaviour as identified in the literature. An agent’s susceptibility to a software engineering attack is then measured in relation to the agent’s interaction with objects in the environment that are primed to elicit information from the agent.
The results collected confirmed the existence of a relationship between personality and susceptibility to social engineering attacks based on theoretical data. These results, are nonetheless still subject to testing against ground truths based on actual data.

The Effect of University-Industry Linkage on Technology Transfer among Small Manufacturing Enterprises in Addis Ababa: The Role of Human Capital and Institutional Barriers

Tesfaye Hailu Gebrekidan, Shepherd Dhliwayo, Abdella Kosa Chebo

Abstract
While Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are expected to transform their scientific innovation towards developing human capital and diffuse technologies to businesses, this is not the case in many developing countries’ small business sector. The aim of this study was to test the effect of academia-industry linkage (AIL) on technology transfer (TT) through human capital (HC) as well as the related institutional barriers (IB). To meet this objective data were collected using a questionnaire from 382 small manufacturing enterprises in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A qualitative approach as well as descriptive and causal research designs were employed. The finding of the study shows that the academia-industry linkage, can effect technology transfer both directly and indirectly through human capital. Institutional barriers were found to not significantly moderate the effect of academia-industry linkage on technology transfer, while it conditionally moderates the relationship. Given these findings, future researchers are expected to test the role of other variables such as environmental barriers and internal institutional factors on technology transfer in a longitudinal study.

Exploring the Concept of Ubuntu and Ubuntu Leadership: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for ‘Creative’ and Possibly Valuable Support in Scoping Reviews

Renier Steyn, Pumela Msweli

Abstract
Ubuntu, a philosophy originating from sub-Saharan Africa, emphasises human interconnectedness and community building. However, the widespread and careless use of these terms has led to a diluted understanding of its true meaning. This scoping review aims to provide an inclusive conceptualisation of ubuntu and ubuntu leadership from academic literature to foster a shared understanding. The research strategy involved consulting ChatGPT for direct verbatim citations of definitions and characteristics of ubuntu and ubuntu leadership from academic sources. Eight distinct definitions of ubuntu and nine of ubuntu leadership were generated. Additionally, seven typologies of ubuntu characteristics and ten of ubuntu leadership were synthesised. The scoping review allowed for a complex and nuanced definition of both concepts, relying on the vast amount of diverse text data ChatGPT extracted from the Internet. However, despite the elegance of the ChatGPT responses, some inaccuracies and “fabrications” were detected. ChatGPT adeptly generated coherent and contextually appropriate text from diverse sources, proving to be immensely valuable. Benefiting from the advanced language model access to a large number of sources and integrating these, the resulting scoping review presents a comprehensive conceptualisation of ubuntu and ubuntu leadership. Nevertheless, the review is limited in its dependence on ChatGPT, particularly when evaluating the credibility of its verbatim quotations of falsified sources.

The Challenges of Digital Technology Adoption within a Group of South African Manufacturing SMEs

Justin Barnes, Warren Sachs, Theuns Pelser

Abstract
Manufacturing SMEs make a significant contribution to the South African economy, but face competitiveness challenges. One of these challenges relates to the adoption of Digital Technologies (DTs). Several studies have identified use-cases for DTs; and described how international manufacturers have leveraged these technologies to secure competitive advantage. However, the adoption of DTs by South African manufacturing SMEs remains under-researched. It is unclear whether progress is being made. Literature has identified several factors which inhibit the adoption of DTs in manufacturing firms, but several key factors are less researched: owner/manager mindsets towards DTs; perceptions of digital platform openness; and the ease of exchanging data in a digitalised business model. In this study, researchers explore the adoption of DTs by a group of South African manufacturing SMEs, and the underlying reasons for inertia and/or progress. Twelve SME owner/managers or managers were interviewed. Four interviews were also conducted with senior managers or owners of DT vendors. The findings indicate that manufacturing SMEs in South Africa adopt DTs but only to a limited extent and at an immature level. Influencing factors include a focus on short-term operational issues and a need for more awareness of DTs and their associated costs and benefits.

A Farm Management Information System Model for the South African Hydroponic Industry

Anthea van der Hoogen, Andre P. Calitz, Margaret Cullen, Justin Cork

Abstract
The ever-growing global population places great demands on the sustained production capacity of agricultural organisations to meet the desperate need for nutrition. Production methods need to evolve to improve production and quality and thus, address this problem. Hydroponics, a highly refined method of agricultural production and Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) are well-established globally, with thousands of hectares under propagation. Hydroponics is an evolution that has the capacity to meet the needs of a growing global population and its nutritional needs, but scientific understanding and application of knowledge in growing and managing a hydroponics farm are still needed. This paper outlines a Farm Management Information System (FMIS) model that can be used by farmers in the hydroponics industry for decision-making, report generation and documentation by leaning toward the use of hydroponics as a sustainable way of farming.
The FMIS model was developed from the results of a study conducted using structured interviews with 30 South African hydroponic farm managers, to determine the internal data and external information needs of farmers, as well as from data points relating to four functional components discussed in the paper. This study’s results showed a need for a FMIS for the hydroponic industry in South Africa. The results also indicated that managers were not fully satisfied with their current information system’s (CIS) performance and would be interested in considering alternative information systems. The contribution of this paper is the empirical FMIS model for the South African hydroponic industry, which can be used to support the requirements for transforming CIS into useful FMIS.

Contract Farming for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of the New Generation Cooperative Business Model in Limpopo Province

Lukhanyiso Mpongoshe, Louis Van Staden 

Abstract
Smallholder agriculture contributes to local economic goals of poverty alleviation, food security and job creation. However, smallholder farmers face challenges that require interventions for improved productivity. Contract farming enables smallholder farmers to achieve higher productivity and income, contributing to Sustainable Development Goal’s (SDGs) attainment. This study investigates how contract farming enhances smallholder farmers’ productivity in achieving SDGs through the New Generation Cooperative (NGC). Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with all NGC farmers and by reviewing the organisation documents. The main findings show that contract farming through the NGC achieved SDGs 1, 2 and 8; increased incomes through efficient use of land (SDG Target 10.1) and empowered women through employment opportunities (SDG Target 10.2). The study however concludes that these improvements would not have been achieved without NGC’s provision of training, mentorship, funding, irrigation, energy, and infrastructure, implying that contract farming through cooperatives represents the optimal approach. Further research should investigate the reasons for unsustainable nature of smallholder farmers’ relationship with agribusinesses. This study’s contribution provides evidence on the impact of contract farming through the NGC, highlighting its contribution to achieve SDGs, offering insights for policymakers on coordinating contract farming between large agribusinesses and smallholder farmers to promote rural transformation.