Binganidzo Muchara
Abstract
This study investigates the sustainability of three smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa, namely Ciko Irrigation Scheme, Foundation Irrigation Scheme, and the Mooi River Irrigation Scheme (MRIS). With Ciko and Foundation schemes no longer functional as of 2025, this paper explores whether furrow-based (gravity-fed) irrigation systems offer more sustainable options for smallholder farmers compared to sprinkler systems. Drawing on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework and New Institutional Economics, the study assesses profitability, governance systems, and management ease. Findings show that furrow systems like those in MRIS require less maintenance and operational complexity, making them more suitable in low-resource settings. In contrast, sprinkler systems in Ciko and Foundation demand technical knowledge, consistent maintenance, and financial inputs, often beyond the reach of farmers. The study concludes with recommendations for infrastructure investment, advocating for the promotion of simpler irrigation systems aligned with local realities.